Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves?)g,,r n7 mn:yz4 kxevc To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is eqzz0dk;icse )sqmwp5 104 jtz6)p um;nergy?

Why is light sometimes descriauey5)ps8eo iw7qxqz s:pz f4(1 uy*)bed as rays and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot o+n leh5zll:04i zdtuv ,)o:w see around corners; yet both sound and light are wavei4wehnt,:+ul 0)v : dzol5lozs. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slitqft*bp)( 5vghp0 ge:b experiment were submerged in water, how would the fringe p0fb:*pt)5bhgg ep v q(attern be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a d26co psaqgxwa2w8(0 houble slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen sw8 o(caxwqh 6pgs2 0a2ome distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively5z,t. *0clnaz9rsdcft su8jaen */+ g interfere if their path lengths differ by ezasu5fgr/ 80c,a d*.n9czj n*ts+ lthow much?

Why was the observation of t5+nr (1p k9uzoa;i hpthe double-slit interference pattern more convincing evidence ipz91 akou(hpr;+nt5 for the wave theory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that f,d mki jiet+7*or light waves. Discuss the similarities and differenc*d +,iej t7kmies.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant car produce adk+2wf,u ke9 (m va*dkn interferen(d+kdefk * 9,ku amv2wce pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is12bix vnv34d6n fyjr j ase7/l:+r+rw covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blu:jrb6ls+vnirj 2 a 47y+31fvxwnder /e filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass,ngh bg9lkc:4bpp q1.-o7lce. it is not broken down into colors as it is by a prism. Eblpoge7.94pnb:ch1g ck q.-l xplain.

For both converging and divergingap.x3eqpj9 bwh ftym:01 +w d *z+l*ya lenses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs zl yp 3aj +xwpbd+91q**f.0 htwm:aeyfrom that for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials (Fig. 2t6cg;q hie8f ;4–55). Rank the materials according to their index of refrct8 6fei;hg; qaction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light source tqn4mqrg2 33dk.vog34 pa5ppkhrough a narrow sli33p5ap4.4 gn3mod qrkv kgqp2t between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattf jb yr(h1qp6x12 uiff:qv2z y7*1jbtern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is j612:7j itv x(hrfypffbb1uq12q z*y immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what1zlooa0pod 7vp+0qnz) 4wa . p is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the 00d4vao1plap)p zq7nwzo o.+ wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a) by toa;3km5zj tdal5 ,5aas;:z iowo slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantagebha c5ru4y- 8.q1 cjdp of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced slir-hj ydca. p 85ucqb41ts?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow-fpd sya ;pj,20 2ewcc appears on a wall just belo;c 2yajefpd0c -sp ,w2w the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting84tfxdwgv*fr jx5bu a0, k 1 f upooz(,+9;irt of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does yooguj14abuf( vrx 8 f ,ior,wdztxt0 *p9f ;k+5ur answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only fox0fknnld,i s 0wn4l73xrs .s/r a thin film like a soap bubble and not,47nnsil /f.r nklswx3 d0 0xs for a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is hea3lyx;z.bug2w.g l;wn 5 wjp2 ld at an angle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to sax gn3l;yj ;zg .w2.ub52pwwlee if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together :0yge u3p7ivtcjyj:4 farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appe;y)qbh-8;wh tmu yo9var greenish yellow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed t) hm98;ubhvy;yo-wqto transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond s n xk8g09lrsn,7uwkhaz 7k5 *appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say xk wa 9 hkl*7s57un kg0z8snr,about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization ter6f*3o(a.rig r7vmpx)n4 u alll us about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normazr+ e-kh+m9w6/ i, dkwcg1lhml tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is polarizinjhlho7 +zgyb :f4ero b: 2a.;lg or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angleo uvt* goh/n+/jhq 88cn32s tb of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color a(blrp8 d1kk 1of the sky if the Earth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser thatxer 7kun89v 9 gucw3.n it is, would sunlight still be gxt9 e8k9u cwv7nu .3rwhite, or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm app(f m)1vkp +)qy4xzip art produces the fifth-order fringe at an 8.yi )x)vp4z1+pmpkqf (8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observ0/bmqme2mw4x up0zwnlbd4q4a)m 2e( ed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm a :; tl.b 9yaldv+25liylr hwv;part. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center y.abll+y; 2;:d wtvllhv59irof the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a 4+ 8.q+1tmwb 1hhy - piolsjisHe-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in1+pqmi hthj.8wbss14+i - oly the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls fhqba5)izqq:gs pei;/ h0 z 0,on two slits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m awi qieq az5s ;f:/h,0 hg0zqpb)ay. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how rlm+lzk1 p:7 yfar apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m7+m yrklpz1: l away?    mm

  In a double-slit experh((4t*rjvlw0 y i8 s cf/i9uhpiment, it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?h tlj9yrhi(/4( wv 8pc*s0uf i    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pco ,:9q,cuf*y k+ket mgas ;)cass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-througheo*cgkq),;fty: c+ ac muk,9s ” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lower i b*;ih0s:o egslit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves:*obh0g ei;is enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the cwbu);v 24 )vdjays+4 mwlf n4third-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light4+2bun4)vm sa; fcy)vj ldw4 w of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm liwd m,5rokcdl4 +.4+y fru6t ndght. Find the distance between adjacent br+, .o crdl4ufm yd4wn 6+rkdt5ight fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falls on two 7b bbs dovk*/0n(ta/ a oryh--slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one szvh+ eb,,t hs+lit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the scree+vh hz, b+se,tn, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the 0-zgwjy m:d 0fspeed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glasszf0w0d y-g :jm? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of gl bu+,dvf:mwjnlej0e a9r 9 u;*ass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containi0pbjlzh5 ao+b2++)5l y emag-l5b 6 ccfwp/wang two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angul4q 9np- gpypf3ar width of the central diffraction peak?49 fqp3-ngppy    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a;gn,xi/o) a h gev,f9i slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit that is8jfi,)8 qm rlv/co ftd;pyrph5; s0q7 $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm li(va6xjh/kt+ :h b dmp;ght. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffract(k ;+hhj vx /pa6:dbmtion pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the au(ju ot1/7 nzt8elntgb( j6;pngle between the first bright fri l7n(jzn(6t8u g;/1 oe tbptjunges on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a vtv6g8h1slw-v) ya n9screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slh6a)v gn sw8-t l1vyv9it illuminated by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelxvscc/)il i ;*o.6+4 setafmbength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of cente xc+4 sv;c *si ioaf.t/)6lbmer are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelen(5lmdh ekv4u88fx;t ppx.6; mau) piogth 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a centram x)t;8(xfip humad8p po4 k;u6.l5 evl diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that yc dt3p7 lves2t*41hlthe diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the wid413sd2lph tl7ycte*v th of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given waveleng*(xc5hoy kj(l e tt7f8th $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-n lub,ry44mm 3zm light produce a second-order maximum when falling on a grating w4ubml yr,zm3 4hose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the thirddnq+kp l+1kg/-order occurs at an 18.0 /l1 d+g+pkkqn$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffraction gratingos/5ev4,zc- qkd- (rmf e*zrm is observede(,4 m5rq *zsk odz mf/cre-v- at a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating 7.slm;b j8v/twma*v ,yyr qv( has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally 0q*b veyu0 h)*djpx k*5vjgs.on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seenc s3vjp. q akgz41r6s8 if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated witp4 3kq s6gvrj1ca8s.zh 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either side of th q.derwx, m30se central mar.,xwe0d q3msximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing whw: ahr2k;ab bdh2h( 6yq-c6d avelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with h;a6b2:6 wbqrhd -h2d akc( hy$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light o.swayyfp ;l6;pa gipux1/9 5i f a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are mer 2t 8/*rc pi8abijis:asured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 9)e9cf2lq ps*umi:tr x)h 1uknm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminar9 c ue9k)x)iltuf2hqs:m p*1ted normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass plates are e7m.hblgow. , rdc87 gmdf o+-wach 26.5 ccgg+ w,.r mh7 dbl .f7-odowm8m long?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soap(v1ni x 61hckd film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellowpr9xa+ x jb:wzf):nw2 ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not cour :qvd 6/fp,rpvla( 4mnting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface pdmr4/,v:vqlpa (r 6f(Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separa-fg nbv1dpzy.id ql w -87w58jtes one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed y7lf8q8b-i-1 vgwz .dpj 5n wd(with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air lr q9*; ;ugwcgpayer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear brig;;g r9u* wqcgpht when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being ajhpdo tq/,5 etvcv6.) stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoho8 99.ha4qk t*bg u0i3zpvswaql $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (fflay)i et+81s sh03 rFig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 leat f +f0i)8ry13hsscm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an jzp 8kqc7g:t.-os3l3o xfp 1rinterferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when tr38fj pcs3x.to z:o-7kpglq1he movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror edwr7c9j wn,y ,iq-jzw d6we6-t)/zkof an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty tdk d)q cw 7jw -wz6n6ywr-zeje,i9/,micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirro. .x 5m*is*dt bmzcge9r $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an intq+y3mg- r*8ujw xj i:lerferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a ga:+mg- w8j3yq lij*urx s is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are ori;gzluoqw ec( vgb6 n3tzm3m,pvf ,o8*ul3)) f ented at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for andi- sder6gl zy(-nxt3z 92 9sn air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s anhn.jb t ro t3zobnd98fd;wo6l-7 :g(jgle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting the ditn;ndr obowltjg6- hof79.jz d 3b8:(amond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that thjyje3hzh1 u s1qx w-x1jo;n95e light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle shoulx1y-z5hwnx j;1ej1sq9oju h3d one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two P -h d8dnwfo,th3 lp vi(5jo,u.olaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolfdw 3ulpjvh to( .n5di,-8o,harized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 4/ + tnwo7 kfyuc;8:honu2ef/j0$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriench6( 1y+errq s/j t9hoted at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the sgdfuf-f)1 4 i 71s:umm;eyn-m nuwiy ,urface of water for light coming from byi;uu i,-mmsg14 f)fnu 1:y f-dw7enmeneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes k; k 1s7qj zaavj 4a3+8s10 ampsdtiivuj1(;j through five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axis maai +j18aa;sd10v kt 7u4jqk3jv 1isz(jmpa s;kes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength qt5 rzn8f m0xnn ;5ga/$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplol 42) c6ruqjk. 7w j-czsh4v xfc2p0tbyl6+ kanes can interfere with the direct signal from th46k76 24jtu- vch2j zlqk+x0sp .)cb ofcwylre station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffl sm r0)lsv3egsx -/ -,tk5uqxxzg;c2raction grating with z sul- xsem ,lv-kx/)x25q g0c;rtgs3 $ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0..5,2tmkr llc t60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order frl k,t2c5tr ml.inge 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 e*phn f5rmb 4ifg4 q8,dvnb 33MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizbf34pdgqhf 5 bn,4nr83eimv*ontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from6 ut7wzwt wj90 an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at wh wtww690ujt z7at angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit+r0v8d9)8x sjtxj zx y of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines acro3x .5kq y2 5jbgga9*md 7tpe-iu.3qti sm- kcsss them. When normally incident 4605ciubypx-ek s gq9 si7mj3mk t q2 .d*a-g5.t3-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to be no second-ofu;( 1iyqq dq,rder spectrum for any visible q,i fy1uqd( q;wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order voksz l4+e r2*spectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap 2r4l+*zekv soexactly?

  When yellow sodium light,dt4avmbk5p*1c 5 mf-zw qps7+ $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffr /a(thlge+9kyaction grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating.etyhga( k+/9l The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction o7uz1kp 9sh0,0zxm0 t )k buhfwf a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answ1 0)h ,ts7kfzk90bu hwm0xzuper?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident865.yvrsk.n3 rvbyrj normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected ligvk ryrj36snvr .8 5yb.ht is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness h*r0 .v4gls0a7r. *bdsegotts ;y.p y needed for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two f (;werb 99yeyclat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm lier9 (b;ywce9 yght is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a l 8q 7t *-va9b1sdq(wxxipq (ithin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible valads9x w*(bq7 ( qv1ptli8iq-xues of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light rmu:ff ee96 7:c nf4a ei)k,cgwr5b5p reflecting off a smooth lake is polfe4c mb a:ie)f 59rgn:kerw 5pu,c6f7arized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids b4a55 q1 gq.b fu/f1;w gkgjdize placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid 5 qkf1.uw4jd;/5 zgg1gbiqaf cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two pola g 2kxo.ueg22zrizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is o2 gxe uk2.zg2placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are pll- x6.o4pco -chpzr4 vaced in succession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pqd(vw3 f n,4tw)ofnsj k9i c7/l8*aitointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (th3ksc qt nfwf4wjl/ ),dnv( toai98*i7e red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizer4bdc3d u-xi 3xs are each placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap 2wow mf f (uefdx0v.,-$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each othedkb ,5mqcr hp)o3j9:pr. They are located at poichj5rmd p 9k)p3o:b ,qnts $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing twajangd,2up :3)f+cmgv( z 95+e4 tvnebm skc0o wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate:z2 5p ,vc+)m0 ankgn c(9 v bsfeju4+t3aegdm flint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flathu9zpas q,rk+x;+ p8z surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm