Does Huygens’ principle apply to 4epipv6 x vp06y:w i q)6-rjifsound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is energyuhu*c ,mj m d-0cacxu;1:9tjw?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and some xdfoyuga 9)o1,/+ rfntimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around cornebfzm9 7 p0tqn,rs; yet both sound and light are waves. Explain the di nbt9fp,z 7m0qfference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerggm70 b3o gvtn(ed in water, how would the fringe pattern be cha 7(3g om0vgbntnged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interference patt.6e6 eo bl34y51 bqlckfjbfgpz 0h(0q ern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pqpze56q3kjlf(bob1b0 e4 l6yc gh .0fattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source dest-,7w q lqclok+ud pa)6l rg 2b:ruh8e.ructively interfere if their path lengths differ by ho6u-gd p l )kalq2 b7r+:rwol8.hq ce,uw much?

Why was the observation of the douzenf2: r0c;5n mtn,eq0s *a qhble-slit interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the obrazfq,snn :n q*;e2m005eh t cservation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that foq*b (idburz )oyj5*2k4 deb8ir light waves. Discuss the similarities and differences u (4 dikdb *8irzb5oq*bje2y).

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant9 21 2c;f5rh vfxnnvjx car produce an interference patterxnx 5rj2f fch1;vn9v2n?

Suppose white light falls on the ai011w:fjh p e 0)jroatwo slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm).hrp0)1 jjo0 a1w feia: Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes throu0oau 0o0rk.cfn4 8 sybgh a flat piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as i0 u0sbyof .n8rock40at is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and0c f fuh6-l+ooo8rly- diverging lenses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs from that for violet lighu6f fo co oll-rh+80-yt.

A ray of light is refracted througi, ,p;wohn7s:,n o gzfh three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their iiw, ohgo pn ,zs;fn:7,ndex of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to ybi/ge j+zc-7 a.f l57 cmut)uvour eye and focus on a distant light source through a narrow slit between v.ic5 /bg zu+tf7lj a -7mec)utwo fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diff *l9y4v tkjup u;c/tq:)( qvzfraction pattern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is imm : lz*ptq(/t fvcu)jkvq49y u;ersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the effect of i)*oeb fs*(a emncreasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wavelength?b*e(f om es*a)

What is the difference in the interferen )uigz:va/3 rub:0hs vce patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is thedeohcpys md8b1 4.*-f advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced slits8epo*dh ms 1c-fby4.d ?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainb9rela0us :n5 /t,p4edb wum o/ow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color ofae:smrn btodeu ,p9 / 5l4/w0u the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths betw-yei71)p)sb mcg tkornko75-2yl* n d een 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would therop b52oe 7lk-di)myn*tyk -1gs n) 7cre be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thin film like a soap bsp /f:t8kp ft2ubble and not for a tht2 f8 :spftk/pick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an a)f6wi xz:-ta8 -. z9c+bwubp-rac dx angle in white light, the reflected lightpx +-9 a:w)a a rzibf6tb- zuwx8cc.-d is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from-h;ymn ud*51jma(5vio g jnx3l hd+6g the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by ref h +*p7uiddz24 k(nobwlected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating *ou (dnk+hdp7b 4w 2ziis designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a ponduarvw)i4 (0ffd 0dffti34g.a appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you saffai.iw f40t0d )4rv3 fdg (auy about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nbr1t 5+psw lny4cr8+ hature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglkhlu-382t)ar2snrnz asses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of s x7bpoe.vm3vg+66q+5sujyln9jugw - unglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angled j+:9uhaj la3)aga.p of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had ul wip:,k.i k xrp+ :ku/.s8efno atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, would7ls9o7h,sy2m mxhr 1r sunlight still bm92hhloxy 77s smr 1,re white, or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm 1 lno1k--smt *tn:sgdapart produces the fifth-order frins *- lnmtk :-od1nsg1tge at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an angle of 18fyaz qla pm6lo/: s q+j.7*6qz$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very ni3wqha9 z:5un.+gnlfg rl( p6 arrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelenaf: (hnz w. iqlrg6lg5 unp93+gth and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, fall2o5jfrnqw *mh;jj *s 8s on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen o*jnmjr 528 w;*fqsjh 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interferencb6gm 5)db33zr i:qa) qai7gi ae pattern in which the fourth-order fringe isamagz7: )b63gqrd35)i qaiib 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far ap-amwlrv /l 9+aart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m awa9m rl+-avlw/ay?    mm

  In a double-slit experimzkyg2q+(lth2- yfi( jent, it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order ma-z kh +2t((yiyqg2ljfximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5. mfw ywoh4og,3j--rs ,35fzjk0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little og34 jw 5 3s,f-wo,ohmfk- yrzjr no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the iys2vu 4mdo,o 4h;zhd9u.w.p lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the tw ooh,d2 uvzpy uhsdw;4.i .4m9o waves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-ordertyz w:g2s n46l 4xod.h maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavel4: gld2noxwzst.hy 46ength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illumina ulb5)ij) lyg1ted by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringesul jbgly1i)5) on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 48:q2ew ww46ip 9/yabfr0 nm in air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60))-i: k w0s adzt*)2 - *qf,jqdcusbatr covers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on th)w:tsdzt*- 0q,ad brau-jcik*2f s)qe screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700n. rjj+d)rxe k235ygv nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in s.r2+xd 3ngr vej 5k)yjilicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass at a 60.00dzcmljlz * z2 mkw;r3tr5d10 7$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containinbh3gu;vc,ocnsc 0+;i g two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light fall2k/ho. ztq o,ks on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width of the cenhkq2/otz k,.o tral diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a ssfs6kje81orje - n1 k(lit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls6*d 5i kwst9y1flr -qwwjb01p on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm widao0 0d u(g9 uv+jt1.gwyapp( oe is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern o1w u0j da. yu vg9(ppat+(0goon a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slirsnib6f(2;o mt. If the angle between the fi2r mio;bn(6sfrst bright fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen emfoi b1 :hg*72.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 589-nm ligh7mi1fb*e:o ght?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm daro+ z8 dww/d6)k+sb- m9jcdfalls on a single slit, the first dark bandsa+9dzd8- mdwwkd/)6orbscj+ on either side of center are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls wved6 ,r 2;-cgskxjmq-g* 7so on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.5o d s,x-v-mqr67*2 g;seg jkwc5 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction maximum is 4nj9 w edrxx4..n4d)l.vh 4 3lq3k ghti.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 mqr x9n nxt4.de.k4h 3)g4.w l 3dvjlih away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengta3q;o t;j8d9 fnls) ubh $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light pr3h6x .l l(8abx3 nnievoduce a second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose sli3 .xxab6l nehl3v( ni8ts are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating hdwc,pe qnofn/i e 2-1*y;+ehnave if the third-order occurs at aqd- i+h21p/nn * e;w,fonyecen 18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 55r k0 mljxywg:ctzpkr 9 1:78m89-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is observed at a 15cr:9my ktkz0 5gl rwm1:j8x 7p.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating ha; vp h6q*e8pjms $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally on ;f /f;; i9ndhz/sofrcwef i:3 a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating witht cj zt+8nix0(3*lrzr;/dm f8o s cae. 6000 lines per cm iszj;cx/+ t. o8tr er n*a3imcf8dzsl(0 illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either side of the centr+2g4dy h 3pld5p vev3aal maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for tp3vype 5hd2lga 4 +v3dhe grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to j x,np 19topb 28qo1q,krb:t o750 nm falls on a grating withnb8oq,p1, xjpt :29 oork1tbq $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces 9.fhxii yor0 ksw(19s monochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum linemjyr0i e599 rss are measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 f8sncq995mi xnm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer s899 iscmqnx f5urface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the darm e7v0j4x:ey kk fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5 cm long? 7ke m4xe:vj 0y    cm

  What is the smallest thickne2ph(t pxl w7d(ss of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish 4t.0/88nuyxyc lcnf (qxzz1 wyellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark a/ ./(m,/b6z wirxg bjyzd w/xNewton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed whea .gw/ / yri(xdxz6bz/,j/mwbn 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one e3 wzh8)g6fc:2kn *zpdqhh hy9 nd of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nmwykdp96g 2 3c:*hz zhnh8f)h q is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat za/c0 g dw;fs6yg/dt5(gzi8 fb,vri1glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normalli6rd t8z51 a0w;z fsb(ygci/df g g,v/y?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being a stolen diamxf(-jt(h,s5omvu2b hr4ma )y ond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol r fm/(6epftv t0v19nc$(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liqui euiqs 3uu4(c/b77enooa:jl :d, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decrea no4:(sjeui37 :buuo7caqe l/ses from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength iq0ta n3,8n;:o7v54bmey binhgi by( of the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when biebbg:( a4y307y 5qitnm v n8ihn,o; the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of anz mb6l78nhe ;nt dgj*, 0 uhp,u4r7chk interferometer. When the micrometer isezt nrh n67uubl7 ,8 cm,g40k; jhhd*p tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirrohut -ja(9tq+ll2t+g,vxlgf9 r $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24n(, q8yvqr wp 5u1sm)z b,*-lsa3gmjl –59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the contail*pz8y(3gjmsvr uq q ,n-5 l)m1, bawsner, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented atb7qd9f+ty( i+ep nr7 w 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an air–glass b0+3dm lohvin z9i09fyg:9 op $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged t 2 ;10bb8xzrl)izpvrin water if the light is hitting the diamz2b i;bv zlrptx1r)08ond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are ali 9av6 t0hjotw8.(ca azgned so that the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half? c0t. aaajo vh 9t(w68z   $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids b).gdl gmgy327 gadq; we placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized lightwa3l g g;qgd2.)m7 dyg to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orientedll.f b) t (va0 ;2nl+pjeq9ewc at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are o,)+hs4xtt e2;7cfu pvjka4m xriented at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reu m8is);o bs,eflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above thes)8mo; , sibue surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroid sheets, ( gix a84cv.7dilagh:a*le 6reach of whose ad a *(girehx4a8:llacg6 7i .vxis makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength g8dr2 /0 kkc7ivb.jmz$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes can interfere +kpn0e8zcd u 5 5rn1umwith the direct signal from the 50mrc kn8uduz+pe1n5 station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources5(bvk-btc 2 wg passes through a diffraction grating with (kc2-gtb w5vb $ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slitsw q lc.geyhq/*a;j)trx r39 j+ 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is thejlqy.39c+qg/;xeh a)*twrjr wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcas)pkq4 * sb.hrsts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0r hs4*pk)s.qb-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wieb:2cpbgr2 vox: 40qmde, and blows a whistle of frequevq:op2xcb2g 0b4mr: ency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit olpm:h e vy58reu.;. bijv65mxf width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across them. When uoi 7vvlku2p hzx9 298normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when vieweu927 okvh upiv2x9 zl8d at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter mfjkssbpb r;/ 4c- 2i8xust a grating have if there is to be no second-order spectrum for any visible wavel/k p isfbc82;4sjxr- bength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white light prz h - 6okbk531ynsvrs)oduced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap e5sk6)ok 13znvr hsy-bxactly?

  When yellow sodium light,kty2m1,lq e4 gsg p+,k $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pattern is viewemcd8.bih yb 8+j)hhc :d on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengt:hh c+c)hydmb. 8bji8 hs, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a mssv -:yd+d5ms im/8feinimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light o5 msvdd m+s ysife/-8:f 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident normally on a xz;)6p v1t5esj uln4l p2qi7pthin sheet of 7 ue1z v5)2jlq6t4n;plppsixplastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickn8zrbq b66svjy+0 /nt eess needed for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero)vcm-8eh , (pca thickness for the air layer between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark whvcpe(a-m, c8 hen 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin film laye5ktx 3t g+7wzzred on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and min+wk57txz3t z gima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizo31l+hyf *lq 3zkllh8j n is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth laj l83kllf+y1q3 hlh z*ke is polarized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to redu;1fiw2 :hgq*xp gsb6 ggu- pr6ce the intensity of theg6q:xphw-p2f 6ugi *;bsggr1 incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmissiq3 dlo7a(: nl kiqe p5 s6cfxq9:fu7/xon axes are at right angles. A third p lo: xk6fa5nd(7q /s:x3l9fcqu7iq peolarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession ry q*pxjmk(:.with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes throughmkv+ ;. z3. .xpxmsrww a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimatz w+.pr3x..v xmmks;we the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed at a 1gy6g0) )y. hytrp,o dj0$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap 00 hv8suo x.ci8eps 6x$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase w- -pv, oi;4 klujkqukz1 wh8ug p4y50uith each other. They i5z h ;kk u4pgk,1 yjpvu0- uw-48oqulare located at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containinmax non i:6vr vi4-7/ng two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilateral 7:m4rnn6n -xia/vv oi prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has on nj325b lwy0*z2x7vyg zo/nwd,zep n-e flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm