Does Huygens’ principle apply to solbd..ber8.nsj, bah ) und waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence thatioo:6rvis:2as 7/lx 6luh 7ls light is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometimes as wave8tq(cw 1q exz8s?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we :k)og/hqz2 k;s/cmndcannot see around corners; yet both sound and light ar// m kd;qshn2czog k:)e waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, how would the fringuv 5*v x1kxmn7e v7kuv 51*nx mxpattern be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double sldw )w h5iyb 2e,atr jqtos5x0 tt*+.;yit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. 5h,i r.bs+2tqoytwedx; t*5tw )y j0a Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source wob er0)if ,:kdestructively interfere if their path lengths differ by how b :i)e wo0fk,rmuch?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference p6n7g) 3fiqv;nwmde nh)m3 8weattern more convincing evidence for the wave theory of lighen n;)mhwd m)733g fvn eiqw86t than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that for light emhdphusx w8:e 6d55;waves. Discuss the simshewdu p8;5 dxem6:h5 ilarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant car producly ;1ig hs45bxe an interference p 51lgby s4hix;attern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of zi*3:rqj-1 yj4+ f7vjisuxav c(-j lxFig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue xxf j*ra(jijyics3v - :14z lj+u7 vq-filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passezhlxt 0*1ec ba aeo(:6s through a flat piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as it is by a p 1zlbotc :*a h0ax6(eerism. Explain.

For both converging andtfe- * ekiv626h(fpmx8v1( 1dbn xla k diverging lenses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs from that for viota6 (h8exm 1nf(kxk6v-1b pv2i*feldlet light.

A ray of light is reftukm (+:agnx7qjda 2;racted through three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materiqk;g(+n mtd2a7 ujx: aals according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light source o67vw0zi.xm: yl6+s4zkpcm pthrough a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best patter l0p4y:s +kmow zmvx.76z6ipcn.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diukg(mzx0y; -rmuw2;w j.w vzw(,ez *uffraction pattern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is imm*( kuv2y;;wuzwj.- wu wm zx,rzg(em0ersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, whmmr5wyw2i42 g7- ek ; u/tkruxat is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wtr25 wke2u4i -ry7 k;/mxmwguavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns for1hck m3e-g 8 f ;wnfuirj5h.0rmed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) manzi*avzmf qh83z/4 r m2y slits, (b) closely spaced8h3*/zaz4fmrm2iv q z slits?

White light strikes (a) a dxg0t fu81oae,iffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of ue,0g8 ao1f txthe horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 40fk:kj o c6zi46y+*gyi ninqvup8f3,r8-q v,e 0 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on n n qic+ 6 fyo *u8vve:,qz-,k6y3fip 8ij4krgthe slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thin film like a so fougs 4yvf9gx r *js;(3c:i.p3qvn4pap bubble and not (pj:vpfgc.gu* oqy3vrf si;94x3ns4for a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is helgm5 ek nxpj5onvd6.k,o) 5 w+od:rqj+d at an angle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectr.g5or+dk5vq j d,e+o:xnm6k5wpjn o)um (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from /wms1nu )x.a py b-3qn,v nc8sthe center?

Some coated lenses appear gre nk7db9g tf:+denish yellow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed tot nfdgd+9 b:k7 transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pl9+oko6 3gea p xsic:9ond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of olepx c3i: 9+o6ksga9visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature of ligh n k;5e5 ,q:k(xggwpert?

Explain the advantage of pol 30smmiocm,n6 arized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is polarizing or not?gz r jhu:8n-00p u7yyi

Two polarized sheets rotated at an ang w*,dadr s kp9q;y+o.dc9dch zr6cs;0le of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had aropc h o9 l(htue-i+75p30nkno atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is l/mzp9g l* mt4mscol2mt9+e;, would sunlight still be white, or would it be stom /gll9p+ce2lms9m4 m*zt ;ome other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two ssy7pcb; x;5qz r9*oawg2+mfilits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fr i5fzmcaxo;w+pq*92; b gyrs7 inge at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm l;zktm p+ppem,pa,spa-h* r)/ ight is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very na /o(xt7sthlxbp ,y;a42bj5w trrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength ,4xpljsb ax ( towthb2;75/ytand frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with aktz0 p*z2w/t9/ ihecu wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are thcpwu/0/ez*z tht2 9ike fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interference, wxdm2zw7/yg pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m awayzmg7w2 ,dy /wx. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apax yrpe,w,e ;-lrt, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away,eplwx-, y e;r?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue light edbrg-kb7d st;an++r83c )26u9w jxhgp9ee yof wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visite8 b;n29ue ke-) a6gjhb9+3 dy7wxr cp d+srgble light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests nyp c )nabu.w)8 g5n9p2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle r g9.y )pnnbc)n8pua5welative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lower c fh fsbidd22xwi1-hrf7;: * q.x yo0gslit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enter the srhb7:ids fgo21q h*2idxffycw.x;0 -lits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the thlu 6qh )8 pqo39 ly-)yti ek8;mvp3inkird-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far f8e)k vo ih)9myyupp3l6q ; q-83niktlrom the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by axo w gri,l/ff8n88h ,544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screlw8a/ inrg,fx8of,8 hen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in0gf kzh-ul /i/ air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covekk oat-i4c*x tb0n*t+n t (nv5rs one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm ltc5k-**t0nnk t4bv+axi ( ntoight. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximatpc,brw1k30n w /s8.iq v,rd vtely, does the speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fi1pc vrw v.w iq0s3 k8,/,bntrdg. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a p3+ s)wsu s q33ez usbuf3ov)b3iece of glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containf 05aeb,jhn(/v, chq z :wi*sjing two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width o:f -o dkef9i7jf the central diff-ef: ko j9dfi7raction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls 4u kllejdj *m)k (/-yw;l)gkmon a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit that isq7dn 8d1 ks r/4t9aokn $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the i4ktg,+pffqyq ( y-f. width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pa,pqyqgiff+(t yfk .- 4ttern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of2 t-d)ep4z2xsbkb- gm wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either side of the centms z4)-e2x2dbg-pb kt ral maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0qmnu* z .evb4- zboquh4u2u,) u18 qev.0348-mm-wide slit illuminate * quhq .v4-u4nmb,ebo 1qz)uuv2 8uzed by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on ae 8m). uepx*tp single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are separated b *mu8p e.t)pexy 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of w51eqh ; s0rrexavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?; srr 01eqxh5e    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the dl)3qx 2dtrcqlr6 1m9 fiffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the widr2dxl1rm 6tlf 3c9) qqth of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengw+o am q2qq *gqk(-9toth $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximu/vesyx alf7p4;ej( 5um when falling on a gsf57j/ ex e;luvpya4( rating whose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the third-order occux (lrs .nj9 esq4+zhx6x :efyeaz;,*8)nfite rs at a*i:lz8,6et ffex ns;azene+ (h49s .xx yjqr)n 18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589rn90 lxtjjs.i47ig o:-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is observeligo907jsrt in 4x.j:d at a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating hasp dm.-wefhh -wa wexu5 t- 7sk.*0g;wf $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally 7fg81sr: vqptx3jf0o. 3awfx tbc(t2on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be c: n(bld+(azmi)eeu)seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminatmnic ( lee)u) zbd(:a+ed with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be h u,t9f(iln9;e izq q-seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating(;eq luh-fi,z99tnq i?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from+lb80v r/ +tl xjymb:y 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating withlbrjv t: m+y8yb 0+/xl $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a knoc0(k fc6n wc:xkob;g*5 mio/own wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spect0w4fbom/6xxd t9 b(,if)ab jy rum lines are measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 n(ol6 0u +rwkzevkw.0 bm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the cent0wke vwkrz 0l.ubo(6+ er of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass plates ar3bp*v 89 xsatee each 26.5 cm l 9p8seb atx*v3ong?    cm

  What is the smallest 6bw+yssh qv s4r5z*yb9aqd7;cjt yw -u9nh,+ thickness of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellow yb.rpuz 4a3z: w 59n4mpdq0y ahj br)+($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not cou*jru6q(bk7.n1 .d 3dm p losjxnting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thix 7on*p3.jdqb dmk6jl( 1su. rcker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of optically flat glass6-eg/c;v xsydjki.(t w-3t nqad 87ay, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?e 8vajsxa;-d6 cytkdg 7tyn -/3 (.wqi    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the arg1 *i4yqnossp,1dj w ue5+5air layer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm lig5ueipwsdns45o,y*1a1 q +grj ht is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of beir9vx122:gjr1cob u ivng a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol g -z/2(q:paj r8iphxe $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring appaj f7jau*yrj +5 rp4l,lratus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreajyja +fr l,ur j4*75plses from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the lighe tpt:r w:.nw-d95usrys r3; yt entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when9y5 -;rr:n:pessd . ty tuw3wr the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to1jwdj85 eypp0 the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that moved8p yj05w ej1p, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirrdy 57o5hh a2uior $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interz;8cr-7 d qdq 0cyxoh,ferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelengqd 7cr-o 08,qx;yzd chth of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are of mz iaagq0ww:x;g72)o 0 2ygvriented at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s alfp29v r ib,ims.9 dds-3btj *z9/zm5q bxs6ongle for an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a dip2 d s7g6kphlp r8-5wjamond submerged in water if the light is hittingp68wdkjsp 2 -5hgrl7p the diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through them is a maximum. iw6ffm- z./mt At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced bf6- mmwtfz/.i y half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes uct nxx / a9ux4s/qop:c-rj06of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the i:xs -4xcanq t/ur0j/x9 cupo 6ncident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 4 ddpt:1 (smqhn:jo+b: 0$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orobf/dw5c(h z- iented at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the sxl534fwe a vni2 zz-f p/gmr36urface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angl 23vnfwfx p/-i 6rl5ze4zma3ge from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroid sheets, each oal,u zmm2 zt;*f whose axis makes t*,z;a u2 mlzma 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength 4r,gxfndx6 0 ;wfsv :v$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio wavepxfo3 297lk/ uufqx-1 tc*p tes reflecting from mountains or airplanes can interfere wit u-p7x2l ctqo9pff3t/u*x1e k h the direct signal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraction gr dhvbionnps 3 b5a;0m0df*674nyz9ppating with hp4yz7s * npbm ; 0fdb9oan3d50nipv6$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. Th9j p:k-kfo1gffu+fv :e screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength producjk f:p fg +v9uff1-:koes its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from twvzxh( 5i7tp 7wo identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and exten5thw( vi z77xpding horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back fkzhjaw7 ;ra:1s k yf9b.jq/0crom an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Igno a9jbk:f.;ws1 jqc 07ry/a hkzring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D6 q4x )t8tj* uj)bft toimex(, at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across them argqt+4 .c/jega9sm4. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at tq g+ e4.4c/9sjgaar man angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per c .uuf-p6ulg u(m n935j :at5apbn+t nbentimeter must a grating have if there is to be no second-order sug5u6 fpbamp3nua+5 t9lun( -j:b.t n pectrum for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white light produce5 nksx 2dtk)c-d by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exakt 5n)c-2dksx ctly?

  When yellow sodium light,5s3njtk +oec( $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pattsxmhbb-g, 19ze*m,r1x kd k:a ern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grab*1xsg e xz,9 mkmb,- r:1adhkting. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clea4p,wa ;s+0far +xpeekr material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an ankx++f,pap;a 0rewe4 sswer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelengthqmuevpf:u o 01sv) :a/ is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a mufv1pa:0/ qem v):sou inimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for ,s7md0i*hun yan anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between twow(vofi,8 l5bti-,w 6 v/4 lx,popknvv flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark whenb x4k, /nfll(pt wp5wv iio,ov,vv -68 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin fipgaquby;d;sd w;n,:25wnpl/ lm layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction 2;b:w;g ud qwdy5pns l/,;apn. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is y4 i.ee1xe9d uthe Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most s1ee4xuei y.d9trongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroidd u 6mb5o:4yzmss)a.5b *cmrfs be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the5bcus a* ymzm ro s5)6m4.df:b incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer shh3 e3u12 okbedr3, nljlr+td4eets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first twur r4b,2hd 1ol3neld3kj te+3 o so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in 0.nx5-.- huxxoiqhs j succession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cki ;s+xik;r0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it xkci0i;r; ks+ reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are eaunf4u-hi8,*y1xs24gl q 0 iy(pxjm b sch placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap )wg9y*e 0ai y:mzfb0xv+cfk1$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas y18 zgilv tiz7 q2k,/aradiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each other. They are located at points vq8azk ,iz7i2y lt1g/$S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enteoqp ribfvvs13g p8*+ +rs a silicate ppi+o1 r3sfg*+bq v8vflint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surface and one 4ub9axj3s.k7gqmd v;with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm