Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To water waves? Expaza.o0 ym-51ty aejn2lain.

What is the evidence thatbj es66/jh2pzpx a+ anj-0*c x light is energy?

Why is light sometimrx )2fndid+ 1oes described as rays and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot :j5 6wbe7l1/+dzpw 7 llfxoo esee around corners; yet both sound a:d5p7 eoj+w6xo w el17 zlbl/fnd light are waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, how wo mp;xg j.,i7/8fh:rf mo*jnx9hh5ec nuld the fringe jo xcp8,; mrh7.fj xf :*i/5hhn9meg npattern be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on atdugktnx06 g*( 29s iw double slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen snxw(0 2u6 gst*digkt9ome distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively vm (p:h3 3ukkginterfere if their path lengths differ by how h(kkm 3 :up3gvmuch?

Why was the observation of 9udt-won w( 14p *:ybuax:j7jtb ps -cthe double-slit interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave then ypj 7p4sot*bb uw-1:( da xju9:-tcwory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit ;z2n w fiwiw5:xmd7q5 experiment for sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss q df w;wz2ii:5nw 7mx5the similarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant t0.crxj ;fc+ ecar produce an interference pattern?jxc.rft0c +e;

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7vlrf x;jh3e6e/do)n.oote b 2 8c 6w)j, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm)jw3o )2v)6;f .t8n /eoehcdle6 jroxb. Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window goue6p,;au+jp z: u j2vlass, it is not broken down iovpu,ez 6:uj2u;aj p+ nto colors as it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging annj gw6zyfsg x-+ 1yv +1n;1wpvd diverging lenses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs from that6 ngz11jpsy+g -;fww1+ynv xv for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials (Fig. 24–55tav.rl9 g bn4bf n+b5;). Rank the materials according to their index of refraction, .an gl b;frb+b594tvnleast to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a diurtdl 0,)wsz.o dbp1z:ga wm w4p*m77stant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. g0w.o) b,7t pd7aw dp4lmrwz*m u1sz:(Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern v r8p sc1-o(zuof a single slit if the whole apparatus is immerso r- v(8upcz1sed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the5 h6dqd pgxw/, effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wavelength/xg dd6qp5, hw?

What is the difference in thcjic2mc/ g -9he interference patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantx0 c-3niyihfcn)ryo0 :4d8o lage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced slitif r 3 i40nyo:0xclyhd-)no8cs?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbo2 ca 8v-brqzv,w appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the - c82r vzv,qabtop of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 k3aq/ahdefv2ne8mw h3xff/6v; 3(: ol v7hcbnm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the hk7qh2v lo;f6 ef/3axdn hwav3c8me/:(b vf 3observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thin film like a soap b/oin*0m9qth 4 tk2sdmubble and not for a thick piest t*i49k/d 2hmq0m noce of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD)oi9f t/;si g-s pe,.ah is held at an angle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56/-ps9oih i a.getf;s, ). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s ringsn *a* lh8j;(oqr df-0jdsmpy . (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflected light*u0( e;k;z)-d d6mg x88lsl jnvtbvb/w +jzxd. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?z8/;vjwge;ljxtbd z+*l vud8 6n)x m(-b0ds k

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is muchrlf v-o9g(a-- w+ihyh less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can youo-l+(h-y h 9rwav-fgi say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tetvg,ix (l4b g 1vnml1.ll us about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarizby 4;fe*y 9igged sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pawgdd1(. oo;3ptf7 dlmir of sunglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets 9 k1 wkv/txli.rotated at an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earthn nu)w 4bs*+zdqu qp3cry84k.,p;pjn had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it i3lyvbcq 9f2 y:s, would sunlight still be wq3 :92lvyf cybhite, or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart produces xn4:wzs bty*6 the fifth-order fringw 4zs6y: x*nbte at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an anglee;k+2l*qzmr7 vm4 gc.t1 vr + 5lhcxdm of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successivdjft )i1k:r z;e fringes on a screen 5.00 m away aretrik zj:1; )df 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wazqb66xn+ u8 c . 7t /n6qfswu8vsmjwy+3. jwipvelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m awayts.j fnz nqmbucx66 w. /jp8sv 3y+qwu8+i76w?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on twpqh0kch.. 5lqor -n(co slits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the selqcqncrk0.o - h. (hp5paration of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, h(ks*8qas q5tt ow far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 kq5sst q8( ta*m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experimentylkxvj 8tpva r*4i(m+6c *c-rv ez,6r, it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the 6 -tv i*6lxp(rzyr,j ec *cmv4+8rvkascreen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two 7r:xy2 +ozlpj, 7skgr openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there b xj2 kr7lg ypo:,+zs7re little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is plac ( l 6)to:my1u(jcijkeed in front of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enter the slits ejjmytc kuo(16 l)( i:180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of wavelenr9zw m b776cezgth 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be locat7mzze679c brwed?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find thjj d xk 1c4(otd-7r9cqe distance between adjac 7cd4td oq9jc-xkjr( 1ent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falls f grbw i :tb9yc.1084yf 9kte-pgrla* on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit apparad,i 9p9jarvw:- 5g ycctus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What v9i 9gjcp5-r :yd a,cwis the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 n7k .onn qwkr:6 4exzkgvq6 81mm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silirzv6e k1 kxoqn6.mw :4qgn7k 8cate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glas,( iab;vi 8xq2w ,ttyks at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containingt)66 gr a6aysu two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular wi/) c:v :f bzql9 lqeoel(ci 33/b-c3 hnpjy6nvdth of the centqhy (f 3c:v-lo:q6neb9le pijl c/z v/3ncb)3 ral diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falca-oizg+x ywt/oz8n;) 3wee1 ls on a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 n p;x+)3jcjxc shdx g)8k) 7vmbm falls on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wy.h;x*i d :x ybhn8d-hide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) nhby;. yxhd: hi-xd*8in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between msgum4 osud(i: +g jobm; itl+ 89v68cthe first bright fringes on either side of the central cl8som mbs+g;8uv 9:od gt+4miji6u(maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348 fym/-y6* qlr/ xae*fn-mm-wide slx- f *yy/ l*mfrqne6a/it illuminated by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first/o a p)(p;bx6s mfth/ut 7ltum-,5 rjs dark bands on either side of center are seppubhs7u f(xa-t/o6 l,;/mttsj )5m pr arated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slk w:4 :giyu qy(wz-.fyit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.:q 4 gwi.kyf:(z wuyy-55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light3f p b7 5.kejmaqgww/, so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction mwea 5fw3mqbgk,/ jp. 7aximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengz b j7k(yt6md4th $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximum when xcl*7bba+ww8 n yh ;1vfalling on a grating whose slits avc+7 lhb1;yx8wn*wbare $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter peiv paupi+ 72+:*,hidf 1jbhwyh (yjk7l)9pdoes a grating have if the third-order occurs at an 18j:y 7vyf9lp2dkupe7 (), hwhp +jiabp1 *h+ii.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589h0. z:fwtor9y1 )sosb-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is observed at a 15. )bhof o91syw:srzt 0.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating xvl 8 f ao;hsdw p5cb(rw -;bs:(7tji)has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally onte tnhz ;(w+ihgr/:*c a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating with 6000 linessyp ;20wxp lp ,pk31 f*lsx3vp per cm is illumina3l0vs1fp ,*32p ;xwk pplsy xpted with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either s9 useeju8lw)eqixt2 qul 2fw8;4ck88ide of the central maximum when lw u;8q uw2x8uq 29cik 8fetjs) 84leewhite light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a gratixi+4od( ipc+wng with(+p+wi xid4 co $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monvb2f 21mfwj4 qket0 z 9,k0puvochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines areacl.w8pc i :b:t 2rs2r measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly refvt ; emoc1rnt**d-jze (yo38olected at the center of the outer surface when illuminettn3z c oo *y-1*m;(d jvr8eoated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example wws: ue zoq-9+24–8 if the glass plates are each 26. 9zw-+:ew ousq5 cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a s8 ++-yxw )wouiyx m/jxoap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yel8lx4 m,0sxam rfhk-/ j+n3yqfqf;t5l low ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot acc+ohqj ,; r4a:pz.mdm8mbe/ t the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a b+cmom :.rz pe hqd;8,4j/am cplanoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two piece26s5p*p hwdlr7bw8 pts of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wappw 5t*dh7 2pbrs8w l6velength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air laojtb:xd8)cyrm4r( ,nu w v-u82i+e w y0.ksf fyer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright whenwy0s +)e8row2: dfurv, x 4c8f-ityumjnk (.b 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of; vod+vf p40ib being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol zs q n8/hok;8j6o qn8k jj:8fc$(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus p eqd q9dt48hui5g* t;(Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 eq 9dt4qt;5*igpdu8h cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright f2 vir4lcnc77sringescni r42l77csv are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connect .hd6r51ey75xtj6inh-kwl32 bxfb4vglt;mm ed to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is n31 l-j5etdbh5. b4i6gl rk x6 wmvt;7f2mhyx 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirror x)w85oyg2x8b/l8 cubpv( y w a$M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an ca*h) hpm:j:ny0yo4d interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 h:yjy: n*p d40ho)mc anm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are orien 46gqu.h;u vtggimh6 /ted at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for *vdvf.0rhwxd ndlk, e /r*+p +an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for acfs-v1f 12ra q diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting the diamvrq1 2ffsa c1-ond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing t 4kyw 4irk8dyblx5dk b -3(s5 rz8tu36ckqn: through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that ds5uzdti5x6ty83w:ybkk kc (rr434l qkb-8nthe intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids bey/kot: * pf-er05i + oqmbd4hl placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized l+- :5foyt rpqk*id oehl4m 0/bight to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are ori8:h v/ /+doys5f7fn*e;miaqjdki dd9ented at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented am.bms41rc)pug i)m m4t 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the surface of water for li:w2.yqu d l:idght coming from beneath the surface? 2y wqd:u:l.di Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes throug05o2;a bsuxsm h five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axis makes a u5;xs0 mao2 sb45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength h) ;gyks. mof9$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from moun1792g xmagg metains or airplanes can interfere with the direct signal 2egxmg91ma7 g from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraction gratingcec j 3fir18r: with ec:1rfc 3ijr8 $ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.6 3lb xj9t7jf/pisor 090 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light?jlboip rfxjt0s9/73 9 $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHnbka*t j7- dgr4xl vr2q11g1vz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 1 1- g72d*v vxrnbq1atr4ljkg24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well b42*a93xgmxwe rw fg1iack from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Iai1wxrg m4e2* fgx3 w9gnoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width b4r uc-n4i8bic;m t.qD at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a serie-x9;jh7 , guoi - q4qdnysdf8ns of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when-fd7, nygxdn49qqs-uh ;oi8j viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have iy +m sg:6 tywlb*(xmy+f there is to be no second-order spectrm6g +t ws(yxby*ym :+lum for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-or+;ej+n--1coljflx vhz) et 1bder spectra of white light produced by a diffraction-1) ;1bh-njxzecoljt+evf+l grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium light,s;pvig8vzs(bp ; :bg- cr nc(c )zw),s $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pazy1-mm nhy kwtmkk896 - .ri7gttern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident li.6k8t7gy mz- mh w-mk9 inr1kyght beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum og/oz:9yj,1uomew v : af 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is inciden 1a ,ve::m yo/9ujwgzot normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavesxk9+vc(ay c/t1b :j ylength is incident normally on a thin sheet jtb+(s1 ya 9cv:xc/ky of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an antn/ s,cdx5o 0wv:kti7 d ,eim8j(xm8xbi-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer betweel/sy(h w ozu80n two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear darz/y0(l u 8owshk when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin film layevh)ysu( lpf e nzk74.0tv8 .knred on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compatpk v )yun7h4efvnl.k. 0zs8 (red to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon/-og4nod 8gkb is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is pola4/kobd8 g -ngorized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two (lxesr,;sqd( Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it ine(rqx lsd;s(, half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at r f .3*;o (iupy/lmxzglight angles. A third polarizer is .g/li3 o(f*lx;zyup mplaced between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axw:dasc54k;v e fd0/ns es vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm a b80ssgt m g8tc;iwp5+nd is pointed at the Moon, which is approximatec gi;smbws g+8p8t05t ly 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarize 09f-kvbzunx rj5/k- mrs are each placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap m(udxc xn5(/r $(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with ew6a6:b (3uc-*fueaudpezieaf 3 81gb ach other. They are locatbee36i auc8a6d ( *eag3:wpfu-z uf1 bed at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of lig u5/z;. db7by q+nb/ hg,jwnrhht containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass eqdq/r / jh.z5;hg,byuw7nnb+b uilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has )i:i :irbcry) one flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm