Does Huygens’ principlet:twe6*sw.lxk4 sxa ( apply to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence thaebxst1fxd( szlw* u1v wt6.68 ei5nu)t light is energy?

Why is light sometimes descr(qfn e- x u.vay;n4-prc8qvx2 ibed as rays and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see aroun8tvsr;a1; jp /d7/n lg 6tqssad corners; yet both sound and light are waves. Explain th;lsv 8d7 ;sjtr a/nsta/qpg16e difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in watp 9m igua56w.kc)1ujb er, how would the fringe pattern be m1 wpu5kj9ug. 6c) iabchanged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interfere w3nzv:dnrr s3tdz +w+5p:lg.nce pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Ed5.vr s w+tn:dwgrl+3:nzz3 p xplain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interferkr8kziwp(*4 p e if their path lengths differ by hor kp4* pkw(iz8w much?

Why was the observatienvw;4ef rjqx zgr.3knw)ft;( x a5 )4on of the double-slit interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wav)jwwkvexn54. z;qaf3n 4erf t ()rx; ge theory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that fo-q:*-puv+t hvb bssng x n4 1jtxm/qz9-8z3 idr light waves. Discuss the simil nztn svq+-t9jbx1hzg/ 8d*x-m- p:bu4qivs3arities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the tw4x+b t4)tf9 dzquwpu0o headlights of a distant car produce an interfe9xpf4 qt)uuwbt0z +4 drence pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the t;q 54kk tca,;igpvr4 pl( (ystwo slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe t(5 4 v;y4(ka cptrlgqktp,i;she pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, f )s)f;tjul (tit is not broken down into colors as it is by a prism.sftut l(f;)) j Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how the focal l0)jye7x9lw:cuu wn d-ength for red light differs from that fdlx ew0wy:9u-u7 )njcor violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials (Fi sdv*hwz33u7 cvk,d :pg. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their iws7k d ,d*vhp z:3vcu3ndex of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus oyk8/4 aseg;l on a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best g/syoe;k4l 8apattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if thew4vw:;q a(l ezfm9:f x whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) mwq4w a:vfz; lfx9e( :a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the e8tzj9k5n5oaq/p qh4 :u.a3kiu s(nul ffect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wavelength?sk4z / a pu:ai.nnj5okt8u qh9ql5 3(u

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a) by )bubu s9ugol)w1vyk52:a;9ks+e qmv-w li 5j two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the *a+u(:uk:sl sa3slx nadvantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced sl k n(+:3*a slusaxul:sits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A r76j vjl*o/vj6br py3d ainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top vjv763pr6o/l * jyjbdof the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting oo6r5 ci9,tw+*jh-zf njzbilgf v :8b9f wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depehcwj ,bi*l9b6 +5fg:i-t9zv8rjo fn znd on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thiuc xsp3i;:2 0j7fxs qzn film like a soap bubble and 0xu sp7x 3fc i:zq;sj2not for a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (C0 bs1b(5l ylkhD) is held at an angle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (lk0y 1hsblb 5(Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther fromuiz zq3bwxoj5wwz*1 *ch1 6r1 the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by refledfci+ r ;aj52lt3wx9aiho 925b mmd8i cted light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is det2+ 8dfrx 2j aclib99o;dh m5i 3iamw5signed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears c4rbd gqy20zk18 gcw4, rzzs:bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the id8z y4zgr4wg sb,q0: kc2 1crzndex of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature of ligg e5pok;o 5qt,x xf2rmm-i4*oht?

Explain the advantage of polarize1a;kprwn8c9+g 36)bwall d jm d sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglyjf 3h0 gjs,p0asses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rg38q uny,/lyuxud ,qdq suqxhe20e +r7p3,6jotated at an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had b6v b(e y4d1ajno atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it isb(354 w95hgb.z mdqsbs6scdy , would sunlight still be white,y9sq5 d sbdgsb3z4(hm. c b6w5 or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slit5rn1w8q fl5mz7p 1l aus 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringe a1unz5am15ql fr8p7 l wt an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observb0 zpl 1cunv)0ed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on t56; h7r5wgt z8hwcq qc)xeq)y wo very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away arewcqy5hh ;z5cx6g 7r8 tqe)) wq 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from ak v )rwcz870ub He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrr0k zcvb7)w 8uow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and p3dgfgqzynu69uzfpf -.+/:u f roduces an interference pattern in/yfnf ufu.3gzz+6:d-9uf gpq which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slitswku/c sme-/( az+j61er+ts53 bpj ord 0.58 mm apart, how far apart ar3zd(/-pe w /mro 6rjc+ +suea1ksbj t5e the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gikjagu39 v9libh hrj1 ,k- ,h7hves a sih9uajk-v,h1r gk3l9j b7h,hecond-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having paral4j kbobnx g2w j/w8(/atwzd,9lel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-t j/nww49,g k/wxba8dbo( jtz2hrough” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in fro ipf,4yt d3 wm)62v;slgr: ovont of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enter the ;mflygov t ps2wd,r) 6:43ivo slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of wavelength 50qyqgr;7z 5mc,0 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright z ,my rg7;q5cqspot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illumitheyox;7o *d,ohj0 wg6ar+ t:nated by 544 nm light. Find the d 6oh: aytj*; wd0oero7h,x+tgistance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 n u6w oc25v2olnm in air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a doublepj *r2c6dt ifr(b p9n)-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimu6pr2t9(fn j*pb)i dr cm) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm)iw2sw8o):d rcj1n-; 4v. jylz cip8g v exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicavjgw) 84wr dpnj: cvy o;.c2s8i 1-ilzte flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piecf .bdtkxp,6v;ht( ws 8e of glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light contai ur71:nre s*ku jha/1ening two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angulaw: ;hmzbjy( cim bd2ra39fn 58r width of the central diffraction pebaj8 w;i2m 5yf:bdzn3mc9 rh(ak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit5czk9 mcj9 ny0rr(o+ m that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls d ev9xlej8ia7g+wnf gl90-y/on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What etjr fyuq( v,o.bee24/ik/i(is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the dif f2e (o,qu/re yb.tjek vi(/i4fraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on nwso- . ffrt9z;6emza z.+ dk-whk/f -a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on eithe zkm --6ae.n/zt9h.wrk+w-zsfo; ffdr side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m a6 iwn:*xxrb5: . p- rmbzkw/jbehind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illumina.i- w/:kb6*zr5rnw pmjx :abx ted by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 445t iaqiq s+,g(0 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are separated by 55,it+isq5gq (a.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single sli/ bit f:-zsk/nt, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a scree/t/ znk-b:if sn that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so6 xg lhka.gt/( that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m awagathx6kg l(. /y, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengthfrv vpei,mo ;keb , 7or l7pph4z og.47w+.k6j $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maxiyu k/dqb ( tzr)m n(zv9j) v3mhmo1()vmum when falling on a grating whose slits aremto (9 d jzv)(qk3zr1()nm)bumy/v hv $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centi,kwn 5w7/ j dw:.m tagbp8ztl 1ak;.bemeter does a grating have if the third-order occurs at an 18.ab t/w. 8;b.kj1w ew:zn7g5md lt,apk0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light f0aa7m (,olzk* q8 vbbzalling on a diffraction grating is observed at a 15.57o(*8bm0blaa zkq zv,$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction gratinij(3sqv-l k2pyn3wakh)d m u :k2 fe48g has $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normallyk:46k nee8ik0re/(g5 jd uwhq on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating with 6z+.z 8;lqf p ) 5ncszrmtugf2-000 lines per cm is5t cg2zu -zrm l)nqf z.s;pf8+ illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral ordepioy6 rr7 8 (9lphd lv,4b6lmqrs can be seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent p4 r(boqll rv,pd m96ly8i76 hthrough a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavedqfmd14nxf-d/eq 8 * 8whi(oalengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with 1d4ex*f8wh-a8d/ i(oqfmdnq $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatis/mq.l lrx4g :c light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum li g +-a/jekvzlj**ml/ snes are measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, s wgriv8:8g7 twhat wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally :tgis7g8v wr8 by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes inkwrl ru+t((2e va*:f t Example 24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5 cm longtlt*f: ra2k (v+w(reu?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soap filmpv* k3ra/ ,t7bouz,uh $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish++juh/wkzcou:a 4 /fq yellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the daylc+ :5utmvpp5zme:q/iwi; 0 rk spot at the center) are observed whe:wmpu l ;yc5v0/ i+miptz q5:en 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one enmg2xb d 4fly5;p(b .ydd of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark line 2y4xly.p bgd5;db(mfs are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be /a nkgy /j;hbv 9*9vidjlsx87between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to hsi/9nbj7;lg9jda8*v /x v kyappear bright when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspecteh -nn7giv f;5id of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohi6 (ozs: *dqvsbsyt 4(ol $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig-n4j b:d0wy psth4y pwoy *(qcl(d3z*. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. Whaty 4tpy*cdn(3hl (:-bsdy 0zp*jww q4o is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light enterin; t9s+lbe ,lr7v45vetij ua(j 3k2go hg an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when the movable mirror move 3lu4+e2tovr9a(kv5 t7;j lj,sh gbe is 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an intero6n ec4;fki:2fvd p8i ferometer. When the micrometer is : e;ovf 8 2ki6cifn4dptightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirromme *c/fc: u6fr $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through ;j /c 9.jx eg,1)ellnfc0egpsa small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236ls jn/01,p;cg e9 exl ec.)fjg dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented atlm4wat pw0z vf7 /p/y2 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an air–glywj (rgl l**-pass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s aqccl *2xohn(qrt /4qd2pp(g-z: s(fy ngle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting the diamond o4q*plz -( (2 qfc:y2/cgst pqdxrh(n$(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing txftax( p)k euj)/ov9 6hrough them is a maximum. At what angle shouldov(pat xf )u/e)j6 kx9 one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placea..ceh0g 6lt:v,p;)zxuwthz 07z zr rd so as to reduce the intensity of the in.x) 0th, ztagp.e6 0l:r;zruzwhcz 7v cident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orientez n8(tojo 7u0dd at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orien2 vu ytdrq.),mted at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be yxmyp/ 4g b9lb8w- rc:for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surr ypgb48: 9cmwxyl /-bface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes throughm9d /vay,15azljq /f f five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axv9myf f//da, jl1az 5qis makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength i// nts,k9cs9bi4l+)gpn n mt $ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes can intewp62;oi-a * xx/biyznrfere with the direct signal from the oaiiwyn2; b/zx-6p * xstation.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraction grapgdb(c ynr . 24+dnxo+ting with d rp bd++42gc x.onyn($ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart.n(rd:;n ge2+kfe 0pnt The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces n (:dptk+re;fe0n2ng its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical 3o/vb6i4nlw gantennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A ma/vn6wg ibl43oximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from lmq+g )i7//du 1ez omhan outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflecti mo)/h l1+udgmqzi7/ eons, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light faq rx0t rk8. gbk5iv0v,lls on a single slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across themq b/sl(a,di+ f. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected froqlafsi(d+ b/ ,m the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there in oqj mt36n2/rs to be no second-order spectrum fqjnon23mt6 / ror any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- o, ucb;lsk5y9;n ,qlgand third-order spectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelegb ynok9l 5s,;,uq;lcngths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium l3wiwf-5 vtb k)cpr e lt0/t5g.ight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pattern is viewe)qpm1hmfx ss /u4t0z8utgj(lb(r 4r yt45 a:zd on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incidentsgs/h z58mrrt f(04:4u bmlj4 y 1p qt(axtuz) light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm th) ;w)uodz2(mn.zoouqy* x v h;ickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have*zhm z( u dnvy;x)o);. uooq2w a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident normally on a thiudp,m90 jtcf8n sheet of pl09ctdujf , m8pastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflective coat6bg9w ak) u1lsing $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer be7tv 0 wox pa-1yew,z6ktween two flat glass surfaces if-1y0wzk o7awpt6v ex , the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin film laye 2xz, qtab,,mlred on a flat piece of glass. Draw tl,2,abz, qxma diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the jbd5khiw w0q 9:wf.d3,q yi2g Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is w d.w3k9wy,h:fqb2q05 ijidgpolarized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the6ck5d6h x 03pvp9vunfkv,/g x intensity of the incident unpolarized light by anxv3kf6vph,0g6v9pcn d/xuk5 additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on tw: svvhy9a7u4xo polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A 4vvu sh:axy9 7third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession kk5( y*q6ca2c ksjszv ou4-(fwith their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, w (p bzaozy9 k6l/d f8/ieg-exkv :0qx4hich is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of x-6yexv a0d/ 4/ b ze(lzq:gki8pfok9the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each p :kug(: k .rdik,xw zt/ct7d)jbl 4tm9laced at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap ;5zanw)ry2t i$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each othe b.epdxfl8,p t (bsj: ueyk)j-qy.e(-r,c * qmr. They are located at poin.-qc y*(bxj:pj r-,td.y b (eee8flkq m,)psuts $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of lig:gye m,qr9g6t ny /f)dht containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equi) 9fmre/:gt,yn d6ygq lateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat s2 f6l yhlfmhzu7/s/o+pclw43mk n6-m urface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm