Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To water waves? Exp 3jfy8r2xnp46q,f9j idr va ,clain.

What is the evidence that light izn0w:ogz3vef ).ea( zs energy?

Why is light sometimes descr6+ u(ox xl(xwhnw1 opc4yu):t ard :.mibed as rays and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannou*d k.nt*o .3 opg3zsut see around corners; yet both sound and light are waves. Expl tozn.*su.dpu* 3okg3 ain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in wa9x7xucz42dx8.t 6 :t xr :qvrefsy8 hwter, how would the fringe pattern be whu:d9tcx:8 tqxx7.e x 8v6 yfs24z rrchanged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interference3x :bwwqu*r d.vnf2fg ht4 (c(;sjw u8 pattern is viewed on a scuwnsu v8d4;w2 qfcbw(( x. tgfh:3r*j reen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfer frkr2g-ay+7ge if their path lengths differ bfrg7 ay2 kg-+ry how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern14 k xkjagztjsfpv 1-cs 6 1w-g:a;2u nxbl*4x more convincing evidence for xtcj ws a-k :4162agbj zlg*1sx ;k4u pfx1-vnthe wave theory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for soundp jup 8d,a8,.y1fxcm0jkrq h3 waves to that for light waves. Discuss the simiurc381jfy,da,x0q mjph8k .plarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant z/*/voleozz qudws3 / *vin6lzpd-*3fg bj49car produce an interfelfnv4-oo*z*vl*9p6g s33i w ze//qdbzj du /zrence pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–ngve:bgxhysy : 3/u .78.pwyx7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the otherugvxsg/x7enyp. hy 3 w:.y8b: by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piecen6rpevn 5vp2 57 so3yr of window glass, it is not broken down into vy5 5pv2errno37spn 6 colors as it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how the focal length for ly8w(eg h, 2rnred light differs from that for violet lig 8e (,lw2ynhgrht.

A ray of light is refracted :clcbaqq9 ,dxqf4jc1( v+0ll through three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank tx q0+qca l49(dcc:b 1qll v,jfhe materials according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant hg1zlt,2:,klv : s cfdlight source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pat:g d12clkf, slh tv:z,tern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if the whoid 2s8( thv nukhsy bt-4h:;c.4ri, pxle apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuumhnv4:,ss c uykhbd it4x; 8(p.-2irht, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the effect of increasl pmcrx/-p 21cing (a) the slit wimrp21x p-/ ccldth, and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a) by tp 71id,el6 ,pzjc 9qvr csbka,f(*v-fwo slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the f84vka62)jdrvc(3t qz6jyo iadvantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced sl 4cq6fdoz(26 3t yvi8a rv)jkjits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, ands5s*3hhzf rtt ;tem v)19t1p9r a cs.k (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incidha .)s*tt sps51 9rhctr;13et 9mkzfvent beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normaud 3s8ty/nu+he: s e5 viz2nn6lly on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Detn5s /n63uz:+ n eivdy8hs2uoes your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference bu c-n8 /(hsuz ro:(8gym,se sfringes noticeable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece of glace- r ugsou (y(z/,: b8shsmn8ss, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the reflected ligh 6jn,y1ekt 3nhowj(/ jt is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to sjj(tnwk h3/y onj1,e6ee if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) clo hr t1wu-b gkc-zz5ep:ji3m p(e1a 7xh)1cc0vser together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflected light.v9extgm(ib4bu8w .- o What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to tran bx 4migwobt.8 v(e-9usmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is mu7uma /ow ;j0oh4 zdof2ch less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction ooz 7o;oau 2mdwf/ 0h4jf the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature 01b t)9oq.yfkqffy5 d/:qsp xof light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tinted3aqec 9olw eeqbu1aww/p.obll/ /,2 v*04 j ne sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasso:ru sv/xyj m gu39/w(es is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated46t+b6 pcko0vjul f)r at an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of th;c7 zja5eh2z ue sky if the Earth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 ttznt3/rucdp22 707:qyloaovw3d:1;d mim ja imes denser than it is, would sunlight still be white,pd 1a3t :vozoa dc2ym/2wq t7 n3:id;r7jml0u or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two sb ;;c8ctq.ocq,lqv xl5l7ie ms (nx0 6lits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order lq;c ,s6( ln.50lc t q x;8qeobcx7mivfringe at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm lightq36ycfzpk d:yzsp 1rr32+ x3x is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0,)gv1c1jlilm b7f8m1 pfnsjl gz:0 t,.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelenglg:z 8 p,fvg 0,t)mbs7njcj 1 11limlfth and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of ligxo3 097 ngqfeuht from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slit9 3g0uqxe7nfo s 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two sn0f36j- lmof*z rm8b fllac96b ,ce 1elits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-ord b1 aoc,rfm08m3 *el9nfbc6l6-jz efler fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light pasyp j f38r mr8e ypw5 kspe)6url-e+c/)ses through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the sem)cf r )8lej-sy8p5p6w3r+ eep/urykcond-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experimentfrd4m y86haf zw:q2,b , it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum ar mda6 ffq8z4:b hw,y2t a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apaljvcqo+0 y5 fn7*k hvvga67j 2rt pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. A7fv+vlcnk6y 0 v *qj7a oh52jgt a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lojp0d trj+x7t7jm,0h9eioppa nu8,: ( :lsrgjwer slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enter the sj97sp l8, e7 ttjg+0j(upjam,dxr: 0phro :inlits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of wavelength 5: 9u)59 cqb 8ppwkdmat00 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of)c:pdapb9kt8 wq 9m5u wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illumina,uu7v* ugzvl (ted by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent brzuvguv*(u 7,l ight fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in nakvk2m1 f9d.(j ;ypz air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit:+*fm rls tx8* y.j (ekbarfsbarp8 40 apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, ir(ysj x 4be0 praba tkfl sfm.8*8+*:rs dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, apprmc jrvpc+ 7:q3 kxe-j9c-ue4 coximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that 4 cvjc3exc9:u+qm7 pk jec-r-of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass at a 60.00wu/(ws w0(38f:m ;ybug qfx d+(gdvrw$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light cond ye)l:x/kfgw5e-h 6lx,*y w ntaining two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a sl-ieo4f61 kr yc:jmfuq/ 0yrmix5.d9 a it 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width of the central diff6y j 1m-.dkmoui0fq cae/iry9x45 :frraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a yg +ll:uen3s2ze,mj2 g)4n qb slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit that isu81.kfz8 dva8mo/qef $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminatew.2b* prsghc an65npovz6;8n d by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm)oppcb; hv2nz5* 6ar68.snwng in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a sli4bzo 5fma wt2y ,r8q.r99eja et. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either side of the cen,aj8wytr9ez of429 .ea rq5bm tral maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.mm38e4 i q:kvv9be +hh30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 58hq iehk938v veb:m+m49-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falfaxm0/jg0mngjk/ *7 lp m5wc8jt y3ko 0a*:jils on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are sepakgxy0jtna:iwfo*mc/l7m0ja *mk0 jg 5 8p/j3 rated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falda*dfjb+s **s ls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wides*fs bd+* *dja is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction maximum i;wc1qm0 ,ovwa9xu )tvs 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 ovaxwmv ct;), wq01u9 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengt:s)f km,tau*2drf sl-h $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximum when falling on ar+qqg8qzb. rrg u/.h: gratiugqq +r/r.8bq .rh :zgng whose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating havbo3m7vohciku .mc5)+ k e15fte if the third-order occurs at an 18 u+c5o1 kvhik37mfb.ct)eom 5.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm ligh; hc0x6 * ed)x9mhbg l6cgm5gkt falling on a diffraction grating is observedhdk g6 mc6)x;gc59l0ge*h xmb at a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating hasxtzwas8t,a yjf6,0 -a $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normalle7,jh1 95hew twrax4 yd z52lny on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that(b cgjn 1 rwu*s0i:z4g can be seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with g1:w *nu b0(zr sg4jic633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on eitrcl 9mw99f4 jgher side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm f94wm c9gjl9rf or the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating dzny l lxntd -1-ld)+qt1r;m8,jcda *withl tx)1rn q8dzy,;dmd 1a*tl+clj dn-- $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produiu04hgx/c,qki nr80 l ces monochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order specth c5 7pbib5gv/eb7:t fty9d c8rum lines are measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, wha1 x9mno mjb:drg),crlp7c- -ut wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated no:),l d1x umpbco- cn-7jrmg9r rmally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass.n )it6wh-oz 7v)do5q;xgx cm plates are each 26.5 wzxni5xm;oc6qh- 7.t)vdg o)cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest thickyfuf y/v, -46 3aveiceness of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellow j0hz 9asw):ik() 8zktfkqj8 x($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark New)+4h jbx5 b 3ftjrgr6( ls6ddmton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center 36xrdftrm)j g+j6(dh bsb 4 l5than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates ;w-tcg+6s0e ,avahy uuqxf80one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each ends0 hq; ayag, uu8-v0+cwtxef6). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air laye im2seay+vm7sj7t/8z;c /: iem izt- zr be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is inc:ja28 cmmzeiz- tzv i;/m /yitse 7s7+ident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being a stolen d )((*vp1mdwx9hp wrnm7ldy;viamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoh9pd6;o bxy7do5: teq hol $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (F9f r )g0w(h1kqvju m,ncp s)/jig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring 9c/qkh p(j0g ms ,rjn1)fw)v udecreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferost4f:o0/2 :jkpti bf smeter if 644 bright fringes are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm? :o2jifsfs0t :bkp t 4/   nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror ofbbh0( 7s5iq cn/qmv m) an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a)0q c/sbm75v qni(bmh thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirrowe*99bydp g4 wat9/ unr $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) pavgyxr*3dfz+q*t7.1 2z ceu i usses through a small glass container con7f+g*yzr3ec du2itvq u.*z1xtaining a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at 65*y4v6j lbaq6m$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle feqj k)z13r5ntnsuwy1+5r xh 5 or an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if1ap4qk mv) b6kqg)9oo the light is hitting the dia6kbqoqvmpo)14 9g ka)mond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that tk ;btam3s );xa(ojv 3nhe light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be plx;asmk;ato jn v(3 )3baced so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes ofzeai;u *d e/rz (.-kus.qsdv ) two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident.;i u zasd.u se/kq)*v e-zrd( unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 4gf(d75 b p6kbryk wz,(0$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at/pg(5spdk-ianuo8 i;jkiy6 h: : qejkf-.- m j 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for m1/ ovj2m s nrn37n/ucreflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Coj3r sncvu mmno21/7/nmpare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five d. mrhz+0(1 x2f f db *f0nhh-i4tlcvesuccessive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axisth hvi4cndldb2*1exfm0f+r hf -z.0( makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength q 2uu6 43dl hzie5in(y$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mounlp )eyyh fa)5hqe2)4gtains or airplanes can interfere with the direct s2)4ahy q)g)5 lhfpeye ignal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources pajs7/rp vgc;h1 sses through a diffraction grating with phj;v r 7gs/c1$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes a6ir3m;f qby: through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1b a;mrf36:y qi.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts fo8.( d .oftsata/qd5 nrom two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horitso8n 5/ofdqa.ad (.tzontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88c jb.su( 7f*:td ptfb7 3un9qd m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) n.ctu7 qd f7p39tud:*bbsfj (it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of wi87se. 1*l lw 7 4l3tprjhyoxnzdth D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beet(e/en 5ep)jbkk-;t hb le have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflectep beb e /5(k-kn)te;hjd from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to be nunfom5p0b yr -+ q66hl/az:vj o second-order spectrum for any visible wavelength?vb-f:p0y 5z+q r ml6no/ahuj 6   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-orde4 q eklkvbm(2t*,rn o4ro;*pmr spectra of white light produced by a diffraction gratingm4*mkq ekb2;l *vp,t o4rnr(o always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium l*lq*/xi-u :haoi gkn0dmc- 25 r1bf6cnu +wdeight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on 9 +r: jtein;n w42hkopa diffraction grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consispnt wj:;rek2+4n ioh9ts of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refracsn3rz 9 do2:xu mhyqj- 7e1d9htion of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm iyqs hxdmhod -721 zru nj3:9e9s incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavp6*ke ;gr:xlm 4;k crlelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of; l*c;mr6pxl : k4rgke plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflective 1kpurnb7dzf d 38s;l5coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between 9s 4m5d rpxbgbtnxxnxw8:r/ 1m 7..vqtwo flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is9/mg 4rq5xp8 7.d mx :bbsnx.1tnvxwr incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted4 wk fej,9o-p0wj4w bu through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible va-wwe0ou , bk4j4 pw9fjlues of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the 3 xfue4zt*yf.i9rz6 *yo+y sh Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized mh y4s e 3uiyfo6xf+r**zyzt. 9ost strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the (ar/fc-;pt7jrle 8,cvp b tv7 axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid pv,7er -bj/lf8tccptv ;7 a(r cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes ar-sv x-r;hr5h3jz 4zu8e9mu k ve at right angle4u 8uez5vz3khms-r9j vrx -h; s. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axes vi/a ,i+ /ztwrq*egz( rsj 3y)oi *az8kertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0nlln; v 8l49rs cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assumen;n4s9 lrvl 8l the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each cy;+uf uq nj3r0*pw+y/r4zkm placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap vlxt; k6f)ydgqzl 2 akk-8(:bp0t n2k$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio :njhf (c+dw-ewaves in phase with each other. They are located at wdc :j-ehf(+ npoints $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, entkj5,p 9gpq cp ;/pkvqje pnym19/z7rt6+ xhy/ ers a sili/;pv k p/hqt/1y65rzcyp, x 7jq9mpg9 kpjn+ecate flint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surface and o-hkj5i-zo v( a(r3vel ne with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm