Does Huygens’ principle apply jt28zm/q9xor to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence thal6j0 *yofob )ft light is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometimes 6hm la) i yv/zxlf-a .y*no/a,as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we ca0ver tfhmy:: 8nnot see around corners; yet both sound and light a0e: tf:m vry8hre waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slosi z1eq 1r9ned93) ysit experiment were submerged in water, how would the fringe panyeire3 9s qzo s)1d91ttern be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a d1k 9 6lw, toa9hectyy5ouble slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would chan1lw 9a oy,k6t eh5c9ytge if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if thes86h n6 (aj)f: sfrjz7b2fuc iir path lengths (sfsb ch:628j rnif az6)7 jfudiffer by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pa)-zky8ra3)r2ar 4 fk hjk3 pymttern more convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the observation of diffractimkr zrky)28 -hpf3ra4kj)y a 3on?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound wav;a *1glv zq3r- 09pwaun dnjk8es to that for light waves. Discuss the sim g*8uj-nwp9 dkv 0al31;qrna zilarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant car produce z ai/vw8(t:9vtgap g+an interference pattern?tw 98vpa/a i(:+tggvz

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covezkte0u3):cf o 3f+e1lk )uisjred by a red filter (700 nm) and the otherukzsfkl3 3e)t)e:f+oj1ic u0 by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it is not br t bobkjx,*2v/oken d *ktx2bvboj/ ,own into colors as it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how t3p4( dc1obcwfzwf )hin2w2 p x.gl:b 6he focal length for red light differs from that for gbn)c bo6hci: xd lfwpp f22w(31zw4.violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials mjn:oja 9 /z6.dks jw*(Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their index oja9*no zj:w k/j sm6d.f refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant xk.rq sw2; m,c/dvp h(light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattcrp.dvk/hx ;,wq2(msern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if the whole1k6)*u)z 6luvuh-gcgka b 1x k apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, inst kzak6 ul*vcb-x g )u11g6)kuhead of in air.

For diffraction by a singl l77ikjfhzttd n;57l,zi1hz949uwzfe slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) t5, ;9tzzn h ilzk7zjt41hw7fiuf dl97he wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns fo-pz c* o vv+p:mso/1carmed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage o/ owyuqy w+qt m.1qw/b1m68 a miw3e(rf (a) many slits, (b) closely spaced slriy/tb6qu+ 1wm 1.wye3om 8w/mq (wqaits?

White light strikes (a) a dz2o22gaj p i;biffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the ra2 ;ib2zg ajpo2inbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wahrcj.ay *3x -l ((ntscvelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answera lx-yt(r( csj.nc*3h depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes not7 l 6/cp pcfr2xvkuu2dtd)c ,6iceable only for a thin film like a soap bubble an ,/ku2tp7 xvcp6d2c6 df)l curd not for a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an anglew0v b1s81cddw rmdj6, j ;xmt. in white light, the reflected light is j8;rx6ddwt0j 11dsw m mv,c.b a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) rfzeqre-4r;3c, ;raxcloser together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflectey 8:idjkjf. ro5lnt 4gq xkya+409r4gkg)nc;d light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completelytj)c5j489o4rg +;ky n0qa knl rf.xg4kgd y: i?

A drop of oil on a pond app8eiyazcip9+5a/x;zcu st/sh4 2 )n kzears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much ltxa/5 z +s4/2 n 9cys)aiekz ;hi8cuzpess than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature ofc7()4wbjr,vtb wp7cy 2 7 anru light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglwoaouu ,1v 8a:asses.

How can you tell if a 0halyd,8ybh mbc 5vk.0z/o 0xpair of sunglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angle of . x jx.d2wuglw,3*o,l c2 qkpz90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if qq:3pyoi4q ),zdhmc : the Earth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, wouldrqe2)uhg;2-ys *ses a sunlight still be white, or would it be some other co e*; ug )2ss-rsehqy2alor?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slezuvt8h*t 9i2 /hvi-fits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fri-fziv9uh*tt2i/v 8 henge at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nmoen;t0 ;o/pc t w-kj7f light is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two5-guj l4twcz ;d(+efdpf 0d6o very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the 4dceldzo5d0+- g 6tuf;(jwf ppattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a w r taq:dz7vndf6;g5bp.f 0 l(k/v 8rxHe-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screb0df.:r85 t7al/gwkqp6 dfx;v (rv n zen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interf*o3aa.:9b2dxyk mcbz ,t+dys ru8o9 serence pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on axr* 9.st:+9msodcuo ,akyzbd32y8 a b screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, )jnzv*k-ur7u5udln ;ml6rrr-73 azs how far apart are the seconduvu7u rrzand5nr -j l-)6kslm7;z 3r* -order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is fougal3fz9 +o50 cb )vcz43be yv ;kjiqm6nd that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light woulo z3b 5a)z; e6bgcf9mci 3l+0jqkv yv4d have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass thr,hx i s;hgtasp;o-2x;ough two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relatao; x,sxhi;g2hstp -;ive to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lower slit in Fn5cbau w:0wnz fp *-t:ig. 24–7 so that the two waves ent:z nw*0cp n-:wbtfa5uer the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, r6jvzb :2es*j . j+*9wzpugn t)cnmk-the third-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from thej9b)6z pk nujg*n w :v-em*2 tc+zj.rs central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminatedy bayqph l0.:nx524osv x.l) e by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fos) e..lhnyxl2qx5p0y :vab 4ringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 n 3m(ke 0awb:ecci k.(o5z6 btgm in air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plas2 ))oh vz1le9d7f;h8,)gi nkohwxqm ftic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminax2wolhf dg 7)h)h,mn vk 8eo9qf;)1z ited by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the spe j-1orq4r:.aojav*kmimi 0 q6ed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)aq* o:kvqim -m46.0jjori1ar    %

  A light beam strikes7d+ui4, afup f a piece of glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light ceyqc6l;nl s;5w; a p-wontaining two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angu .,hpaqv5hk-* uit ml9lar width of the central dif, um9 -i5h.hkalv*ptqfraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light fu3ys 1ll)j8o malls on a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit thzxf (9wr:owc)-o k, d3 -lu hpgls +-1avh6pfeat is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide ih.n/8*iv f3:d hoijvhs illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a sc i:jhfiondh3.v /h8*vreen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. Ixtc7 g0d s(rk8f the angle between the ktr7xscgd 8(0 first bright fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348hip*7cq kj.b ty .3+od-mm-wide slit illuminated by +ij.oypc3 thbd 7.q*k589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slitz 15hdhe(zk9b, the first dark bands on eih( 5hzbk9ez 1dther side of center are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a ce2mare: 1 e/wfrn fbq04ntral diffraction peak that is0aw24 br :fe/f nqerm1 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffractionixmy7gd ljl:; 3ma+3 k maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm? ajixmm;l 3 gk:d37l y+   cm

For a given wavelength b9it s8c 1)imv$\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order m g elkj9j)*i3n*7s cvwaximum when falling on a grating whol7jw i3n*vj*skge) c 9se slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the third-order z8u g p 4zb(r4::jbgmboccurs at an 18.b4pzzbg(rmu 8 g: 4j:b0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a d ao(0ey)wih46 kzmd2 jzf-ep9iffraction grating is observed at a 15. z f)-dikz oh4wejy9ea(p2 06m5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating i9x *tbhcp-/ xhas $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally og1dnq v*poi +mn:b9d: n a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a gb8ey82r)y y rgrating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633 yy8g82rry) be-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on eim ))z:d+et kmsther side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum z)tsm : +)mdkenumber of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths,tunmr zfn c3hszt y7xxx; 08e vr71., from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with r,t8x ;ne,xnm3z 1t.us f vyr770 hzcx$8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochrowx x./(.enlj7x,xy t pmatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measure/xy0c90 q9vlnvlud:x d by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected wnfw5dapz7+1 at the center of the outer surface when illumif+ 7p5nwzawd1 nated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the 6cge+7y(9h(0oyq;-zyqp gf9;sn 8 e yqojw gwdark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5f9 (;yo9yhggne qgy06zcw q(qsy7;w+8e- ojp cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soap film vydc+;hx,u.esr7ve7x g q*t)$(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yelloo*+hqn460pdocyo ii cb 0ej .5w ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright ancvx2 dmu;u d20d 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are dd 2mxc;2uv u0observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of optically flat glass,oz z t 8okg:3x/l6tcx. as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at ektl:z t g6 ./8cxxooz3ach end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be avg t( r0ca)ojh1 m/q:between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-g 1 0cmo)rth/ava q:j(nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of materialqllxv 10l9 o.,nnapv7cgpj5; , suspected of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohols te87s .x*rgb $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus u7 r/ njq/nki-(Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of/rj /uk-qn ni7 the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light enterizea 558ney2pev 8(zqal40h y/*brjmqng an interferometer if 644 bright fringes8zeb0a/ 4zqhee55pylr 82qja*nm(vy are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When ti /6ycg ,wn7l7 /lmrw,cfv5h the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty mirwv7w,l myghl6n c / ct57f,/icrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirro0l u+ ikioejgomy6m8:k n6,5 cr $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferoh9o2( f2jraa7(qozl z2 os1hb0,ez j vmeter (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate t eao ( 7hjv1rqo(z j20abflohz2s,92zhe index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are orienphw* ca gx50b1ted at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s anu:.nwm 6lo08pp hy 8zngle for an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is :8ti w( ,enib3okmg-x hitting t8miw :b3 -o(g,ne ixtkhe diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligvd2gx ; mqo.:gned so that the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently ;: go 2dm.qxgvreduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the ax t-;j ob+iozt/es of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light to b+toij/o- t ;z
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented u cmg t1jfd6.:)yop:r at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orieo4h8w *ox1rpcy0 vu*z7. u.kc 7 a3 johbwkek9nted at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle ys, a+ x,w6of;jlocw/ be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface?6/,f, w;lwaxs ojoc +y Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive1 ( sn a0d9vq,yppk)go Polaroid sheets, each of whose axis makspyv pq 9kano0),d( 1ges a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength rfv qlmu/5 q+,$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airp bcum4.c bp4ig,nt zl7:r6s0nlanes can interfere with the direct signal from the stationmz 7 . b,g4:n6rcc4u0 plstinb.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes thr3anwu qb e2vxv.gm(2 0ough a diffraction grating with q.w gv( a20vuxb n3m2e$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart.t xvs6irip 0p + 7fej(tf(8bt.5tg -io The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknow7r56+ -fxt((bo0p j e.sfiigt8ttv pin light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at 6u;kbb9. uff yjoa(5w2u uju3 the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m hor6 j2u;f3ujbfyuw(b. 5 9uuo akizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an-u.8 bb bqa1dtp*vk0 s outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. 81btbbs 0kvu da.-q*p Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of wid270 i/xrsg ;cfmmrwk7a x9f /bth D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain bzv6mm78 p rkfz9a90cj9f1 weieetle have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460em9zzwk1f9p f0r68 cv9i aj7m -nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to z h*h)l ga(o:cbe no second-order spectrum for any visible wavel hz*ohg)alc(: ength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white cm+g1vt:nbz 9x,b 6we light produced by a diffraction grating always over wz, cgvxm:9n6be+b1 tlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium le9iiply8osc(zs(r8 k * s rw91ight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a dv5c+qcb08bukhd e 0 0eok: +axj( 1ewniffraction grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavel hb 0 +e0qeow8d0kkx1:vcj5nabu ec+(engths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nmsy*fye d7y/i(fcw2g 5 thickness of it, when laid on glass, is n5f w2ygd*sfy7/ci( ye eeded to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavwl)8epczd3* yelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum odcle8y3 z)p*wnly for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed ami-m.2)a 6c gsad,bq for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum tyma ++*ahd:c s 5 txw5n3vft+(non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is inc5h3m ayfn tc+:t vs+*t+a5wdx ident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted thrp;tr*rzw,)p-lpl y5a bnt (. nough a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and miatp typnbl,(p* -lr)5;wn. rznima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light refyb )r, iusr2czzwdb :hogu a4*8i 5:7olecting off a smooth lake is polarized most strongl i2yg,b:bzu5huasrc)w7* doi:zor84y?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Pola/+;65rob an aftj bmg;roids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident ort / nf6+b;a;mag 5jbunpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sh -zek2jj0caiz.qiwb*0z 6ykrige :3n5yb;p5 eets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarie5iq p 3i-. yzbc6rgkye:i2;z 0nk0aj*zwj 5b zer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with theirl0 0.x*) 6.6f vqgtb7eronwwp)e u pzr axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, 8lis 50fza8 9edob+gi which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser eidolei08a 9 z8gbf5s+mits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers 7ng 6l2kbp lk;, yij,xare each placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap 6fdczy45vg9 qg4 7 rxdv 1hm*n$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating;e fu/m4koa o*040c r6hcy vus 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each other. They are locatee44 chuvar ufo0oc ;sy06* /kmd at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containix 7xz*jzeq,e9 ng two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glasse*9ezxj,7q xz equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has p,- fm yt43 ueg6zb)xhone flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm