Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound wav-xl n *j h85c;7,xg 9n2dbd omhddufd8k66sanes? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that lighlsb9he kjv/.-:2 yhoi t is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rayo .c;x:(tzg fqs and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around corners; yet bote /8t d3f)cocy*h-hbamlsa.wv wr;-8 h sound and light are waves. Explain t8vtolw w)bfa*;s - dma./-c3 cyheh8rhe difference.

If Young’s double-slit experi um pjj9f;qjze-z45 .cment were submerged in water, how would the fringe pattern be chanj5 u 4jejf-zcmq9z;.pged?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interfere9r)cl va-s/ h-h fyk6mnce pattern is viewed on a screen some distance awa- 9ar m/v)cfhy 6klh-sy. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from 0u3oxlxnax.1 :b.br6mr r3zk2uu0 eb2wmt. uthe same source destructively interfere if their path lengths differ by how u.u 03. :2 mxe2urrb1rw nl3bam.6kuobtxz x0much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interfki-(np0mi 1urpoi8rkd8gh(;x1y3 s terence pattern more convincing evidence for the wave pk8 (h(-mt;nridig y01 ixkspu83r 1otheory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for sound waves to that for light waves. Discus uiz+y81l8ikl/e4vm:he/ s nks the simsv ekei8 kiu:4nlh1+lzy 8//milarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a distant car pe a-. xsgj7uy(eh3m)s roduce an interference pattern?g3as-u7 )xmse .(y ejh

Suppose white light falls on the two slqj 03x bsih*hs/g31 vcits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (71vchxi/ gqjh s03 *3sb00 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it is n*(c2j4zva najc,:dnv ot broken down into colors as cnd*avcz :4a (2jvn j,it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging len.br)p y6ebhw4 ses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs from th4reby6. p)hbw at for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials (d+5fct rr*y .tFig. 24–55). Rank the materiay. t*c5 dr+rftls according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light so/l fb7 p dl qdejw54jt.w13g.burce through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best p .pgbe4173/tljlq .5dbfjw w dattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffractikfqz-vkf0 ++xyu* 9kbon pattern of a single slit if the whole apparatus isv9*0+ kkqfb+fyzkux - immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a-nd )u)lxau z(6,id8shim +o gt pd4-o single slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wa)x lmn )d+-zdd(8iisoth4 , p6a-uuogvelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a) by twolh8ynv 9a)g i4 slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) many slits, 5xpmk t/s1)ki (b) closely spaced t ip1sxmk/k5) slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffm o5 k4:py,epgql .jg5;0hsblraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explaiks0jq5l:5e,p.hobymg ; gp4l n.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm a21+adh u s3-q z 8;hjtu:pgttund 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (2 t8ah;:j u pds+1qu3tzught-if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeablex9v7f +ygw av+juac:3- w:bt y only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a+ t w-x:wfav9+ygbu ayj:3c 7v thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an htvj3r4l7:/bvui xq3 angle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fhv vr4lu3/i tb7q3j: xig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from thecnh5d. zme(c cd6 k0m om t)o.6w/hj:u center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellfxez vum0;:4 td oth+*ow when seen by reflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit compftm0e;:t4+zd xouhv* letely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thi2:snnmc(78r mwh/yi *+m wqoockness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?o/m+mrq8mw h nniys(:w*c o72

What does polarization t)*z ef.avxdbq2nax1wl6*ie(d n6 r 3c ell us about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized s u mwe-pf 5bz3z)e6vm4unglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair6,15sfgv) (jfhie hi p of sunglasses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angle of b:vnz nx2ro)590$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no atmosphmyq0y*y5 gzz/fh(q7x t;q ma5l1m4 clere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times dqv: nbh1pe t vy(0-hxxiu27l5enser than it is, would sunlight still be white, ohbn2q (7x ulp 1ie-05v:thyv xr would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fiftcsd2 ygunyi+)epi 4:)5cs r+xh-order fringe )psr4+ nuy:5cdc i i2)+syxge at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an angle ofvoob n)j9)v1x 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Succes sbfesrshw.fp-107/ rsive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelengt0f7ssbh- /.ws 1epf rrh and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, bmu0 har3y- q9with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart.-r yam039quhb How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produce6pd aa wn 2-,n4;rpfvxs an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is thean - v4;dpnpw af,26xr separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how fk5wamc+pq5flpd ;0z65.b d kqar apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a p+lk.qda k; pd f05m 6czw55qbscreen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blued,dc6 3w5 bxgo light of wavelength 460 nm gives d 5wd3 xb,ocg6a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.wcrj9u (9q l. mx77.nhf 5wv/cyp(y gx5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction wo5l.9xry7g.uj/(xyc9hcmn( wp7qv f wuld there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass izb:+z hk0j g,vksp 3e-poa)7o s placed in front of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two wavesbk zz0v 7hj-,a:oso+ )3gpkep enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for lihtz;cu +el 1+y;o ;erfght of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the secondeu1o;e h +y+lt; ;zfrc-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminatedl2da) gpdz+v c15er; r by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent5cvdd;zg)r+ l p 2rae1 bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falls on two slits / 1 kgbnd8wmzoqwd h;i33. f(y$6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a du d0,kh-x6e8 o3k owc4xayx0m1dpao +ouble-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is t,x0 c1xdakxdk4 +wpo u0 -h8ym3a 6oeohe (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) fqj br+oyp+m.b 8d5m:exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate +qry5fbdo 8pjm +:. mbflint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass ac2wq x:n1xf5u t a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing tw9l s* * hdeb/+tcz1mhuja6u.im-v8 a3rka:lvo wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on ay dm/d7a3vtms*cy zf)sl*13 v slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width of the central diffraction pecv*ts )vmayfsm71l3/y*3 dz dak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit that is 7btf58 qmu +nlz)e+mul r:8 jl$ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slitiod -:(a1qu py that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width 2bosyuv0ye+z v 89j y/of the central maxivy/ b v8oyuz20ye+j s9mum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle betwe33w0flzd9 r: q 6+ j h4(bzkexycg1qfxen the first brfz4 19q 3lxg xwd:h ezc rq+jy6b(k03fight fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peizozfr9( 9 6l4asv* ctak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated bt czr9z(si val46of9 *y 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm wdml i:4j+n. rfalls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of cdlj .i: n+rm4wenter are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, u11u2k9tweh kaa7u q*po uwm98dnsz,tpu1+ /it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m au o 97ha8u puwptm sd11+21,wtn/u 9q* zukeakway. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cmf qvosw y04p+, w,qbw/ wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelq4oqs+bv 0,w/f,pw wy ength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengv ty*ztli7k 38th $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-orde6 u :3tfhm3a7g11ohveuhg ahd2;0vb tr maximum when falling on a grating whosh6vvbd:ou1g e3 1g2hm 073uaftht ah ;e slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if k)zd;9;regz h:k pot+ the third-order occurs at an 1h;ero)ktzg :kd;z 9+p8.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffraction ggfz8 y:7 -vqr)ld ogo .h3yq8rtwt7+frating is observed atzlgq .7 fvg)rwoyq 7ryh+ :3df8t8o -t a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating hrlj m4h kpmw s3rv+y)ej wp6v(8,(9d).xvav eas $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally2v .oedodu8 i0 on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating with ke*xa bi 36z:z qf(u+b6000 lineska6bzu eq(:3+b*zfxi per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can bz(: fcanctg4 3e seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum numbe:z ca (ntc34gfr of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm t*pbft9r5e+ 5 mga2 m(zzzk7r8m:u h mpo 750 nm falls on a grating withzzp 2:p *5zf8 gae mmhm7mbu+5kr t9(r $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a known w+ wf(llu2tf l+/6p-ltzgszs -avelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measured by a o) 8s)l*qe.a r4woauu$9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflmlk pfq dlc42vf e x;v4i/5(b-ected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume4-iplk 5x b(q df/vl4ec m;v2f that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glaj,5ikr gn 3jviap;d p.6; vr.ass plates are each 26.5 cm long? n6;rp 5ij i3dvgvarapk;.,. j    cm

  What is the smallest thicknes edm3 dhso(khb.9w le-tfa *(6s of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellow (3q4 7 g3xxumww$\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark sp u2ki,o da m*(s8ar)hto4l4vd ot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig.8dh i(aomr k vd*asuolt,2)44 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pij bghu-8mz: 5geces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the - z8 jgmugb5h:foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat glass suvh tic+kp)d2/ rfaces if the glass is to appeap vk)t+chd/i 2r bright when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of being anfwx8l((p j;9 .kssrso8 ; wjm stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoh linj* v xd4+uj7xvl)-ol $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Figyg1qtrmzjt fgn 94ce8r ;r.2 (. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refrmq8r 4f gc21z(.n;trtryje 9g active index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright ixtv*dp(wp+u6q/ 1gf fringes are counted when xd*f(1iw/uv p 6gpq+tthe movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an mfa i y()i,;gvqsal3;interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness;q,sa (3vm yi; i)lfag of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirrorh6uoomzi- /5 q $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of ar(0w0bvmcr 6 on interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are c0c owr(m b6vr0ounted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at 65hso*te.p2qq eef mmn9ql +3;5 $^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle f/+enefx2dee (n)( x cbor an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is / ia524osj ai,wyd .oohitting the diamo5j4. o as/ yoa2w,iiodnd $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so th u j9crc(j40bvx5vww ,at the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?w4xw0jr ,(cvu v9 jbc5    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two 4x t5 v4arwmts*yld5)Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unrw55t 44yv )sxa*ld mtpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 4088ady(8nz dem $^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orien5 urz h3h4t( pvtnw(b5ted at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off trl -8*e3za:f t qdn)j6ez o)hihe surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle e8)ta o z zn )-rihq*fl:ed3j6from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroid sheets, eac2 7evrw74xzfs t +ms2ihnxf(+ h of whose axis makfn xhtvzms+27re 2x4fi 7w+s(es a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength x fg5q/ t,n3xi$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains qtr ml-xr/wbx d br8(4+ly :k1or airplanes can interfere with the direct signwr(brr-4qtx yxk l +m/d1l :b8al from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three se, x0rvspaz731u l;ys vparate sources passes through a diffraction grating with lr37p,;0 s1 uasvyvxz $ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apa nchglsg+8 7h4 9wsls9rt. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown + sggll h n89w9sh7s4cwavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts fkr 66 9r j,mkf2vv:ttv9ir+bl rom two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.9 j6vivt,rl2mk b+9 :tfr6 vrk0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows + n o hut:wi(hh7anr90a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear t90niuwr(+nh:h7a h o the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D at a 30c+gu wtz(.mu8hhpc; fu t8k:5$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines acoia;v12+1hx+ a p ;ghw tgns qql)j(5eross them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from thehlp2ngaa s+vgw;1eq )tjh;(x q io51+ wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a gr9p : ix1 goqo/p/by6zdating have if there is to be no second-order spectrum fozxp/od6opg 1by/ 9qi: r any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white light pr.ln6hq k)rjd /oduced by a diffraction gratingqd6h.r jlk /)n always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium lirexv x npx;:5h8 ff*g-ght, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction9)ns,-i txbi i grating with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengni9b itix -),sths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of 6bevj9v i:wm 5a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glassmi 9 vj:e6bvw5, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of varcxj: zb*i * gomy84 qie3xw4zyho08* piable wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only f3*qgwx my*8iz8h e ijx*4zcboo p0y4:or $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflective ;r1 1bshnaqul;n4 y;xcoating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two f2g 7-(86ipquuaxpxk klat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is inki(7-8auqpk ux6pg2x cident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin filmi 5v(doi-6hvv layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction (voih- vdvi56. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is ;sa;qo )0prjrthe Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most s)s q jap;r0o;rtrongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed:u: cmcoavola)/w6y: so as to reduce the intensity of the inci cl) o:v/ac:6owyu: amdent unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light fal9/lxrv*o2y()4 9q ux a4d wngchbrv:ols on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right an9/4w: rv9oaco rxdbh(nxl*v)2yu g4 qgles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axes,0gg/urpy oql +a/14 u5ve doc vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at tt1s55usvq4 u 3ldfn-l-txtn4 he Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when i5l1qtsd5f4l4t3x- svu tn- unt reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are etv; g l9e q;pqvk;r.,mach placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap m9 p mn2uh yw(v2e*2zn r,mj5o$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with wagabmwiaq:5;w v/c+g p56i 6 each other. They are located at pointsi;+6bva gwww6a5 i /qa:mg5c p $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containinggyj(; r6bxq/o ve+j cx xw+c:v:(7hwh two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilatera: b : x(hwvj+(vwcjxo ygq+;xh67r /ecl prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has oyeza2rzbs *nj6r.p48x nw 9 n j)hza;8ne flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm