Does Huygens’ principle apply u,:6v q rw:fjsx0tpm,to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is enerov l e/) e7(-+c.evul hdr)ntbgy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometim d+lnd )9b4ma+qfu, 3 b+jbhzimtq.k5es as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but .y hlxf, d0xvmq (2)4ovhdx9twe cannot see around corners; yet both sound and liq d4th (y o9,)f2vhldvx0.mxxght are waves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slitb)bl+uj* xcp/ experiment were submerged in water, how would the fringe pattern be changedxu* bpj/b +c)l?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and)be92 a7dgup l the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fring 7p) gd2eaul9be pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively intelq0 vn+ ::gyriiwm4:i rfere if their path lengt w4nliirygimq 0:v:+ :hs differ by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-sl*1r qq 71n :sw nr+6z j6mywcv9dwj-lrit interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the observarjnm9r 61wsjwdrqc -z :+ 16 *ql7nywvtion of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment foy*baajz302m1 , aija er sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities and2a,az1jbj mi *a 3ey0a differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two)k7pnb,vu v-mk ,lyq. headlights of a distant car produce an interferen, .u- lbyvvkmqnp7),k ce pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slicg l8ub, otepo.0g/+ vt is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nmp ug+8tbo c/lgo0.v,e ). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat al: vosf:mpbk49,- st piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as it is by aval-so9:fpt:m 4 ,kb s prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how tg(+) z pbxi;7cbl(,n uq:yyow ym*yx8he focal length for red light differs from that for violet *(mxb;y7 yygyw: ,q) l(zi po8bucnx+ light.

A ray of light is refracted throughh/t09.sgcphy three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their indph0 ty/h 9c.gsex of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus oox9 w+vun+ tiqi8)a j99,gffa n a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattejgqa+u9,n w +tvfi8 fx9oa i)9rn.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pat)4mgbje2 9 uddk(7h-7 ed5c)dsoynn vtern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, inn k2 c5)em 7ue yd(b7onh djs-g4)d9vdstead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is th(cou8d ud) ih*e effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wavelengu8c( i)hdd*outh?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (akb,tgw w)68q,.y1 *yws: fkqkmz- qmd) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is0*cqs0 -ys ujwl0 m64rs yjlcrg13se7 the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely space0j6w u rjcg*l-r4 0 0 1yscq3le7smyssd slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) agzil z m:6m 1ep z)6:aa7xwy2k8-bd pl prism. A rainbow appears :6w67)baml lp8y ei k:z-ga zp1d2xmzon a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident no; +9 uhnpk7 p4 q6:yczgbg*rooei/ve;rmally on a diffraction grating, forz :e;4 y/i;*bogq v7k pn9g6pocer +hu what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thin film like a so/d7clnzxk)9v4* ekum -un 5eyap bubble and not for a thick piece of glas4l/ exev*ky -5nuu7nkcz dm)9 s, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an ad81crh c7oy a32,w/td/pg2ntkz cs8f ngle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromgtkr/2do 2/a, wnzhccd 78yfpct8 31satic light was used?

Why are Newton’s ring .jmess*u+cpc*- tgkw p*qn1zi. .. ebs (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by refr)fmj 1g d:v4qnz5 -noq 6eg0hlected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit ceq1o nvfmgr5: 0zdgnh )6q-j4ompletely?

A drop of oil on a pond appearsoi;pitu4.b /50k tmko bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less tui.p m5 okt;k0ob /4tihan the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature of lighv,d bq7bf.6 ))y jbmnlt?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tiju4i: jcx- ltk./ej/ hnted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglassesmk:plndc -(s3/w dxv/(fd v3a is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an ankkwg0f6 7y2vegle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Ea c +c8g/857-n+ tpbmlpxea uverth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times dens-b brfmls 55km,m.v pkt(5.bper than it is, would sunlight still be whittk5 . -55.sbmmkvpp(ml bb,rfe, or would it be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slr-sx:wlnx3.w.r0q* t p7 f zhfits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order f zwthrn xlw .fs0- .pr7x:q*f3ringe at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an,1 *ad94hyfvt,: h g9qzd wjiu angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two verba .i. s3vnu7py narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. ain.b.u3 p sv7Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light sy y. 6c (id*ng-2/glvoc9udtfrom a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattevdtcg-s/ 9d6 y( yu*.c ng2liorn on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls p,.ci.elz; 1ek cv ty2on two slits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slitseiz 1e cc. p,yk;2lvt.?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light pau )tyfl1 h/(npsses through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 t)y1(f luhnp/m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 n; :iq qd3asl4sehi:,ih z5)ygm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same i :esh)zsiyh;dg4l 5,i: q3qalocation?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two opengl0hm-tiecm 8.u+(plc3k7 htings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “stra 3l echul-t m.gt khm+780pci(ight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of g esdqih0m)x*f:1 5jathe lower slit in Fig. 24–7 fed h:jiga15)mxq 0*sso that the two waves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-ordey)hsp k(f ivo6y.b*j8g7h5l p r maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the s7h( 5ygb)ov pkjshf.*6i8 lpylits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find +qyun3xxm k ,4ctb65nthe distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m 4mt3 +,xc6 kqyxu5n nbfrom the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air fallszi +z1wjl umjo.j k ()(2hcw+f on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60*7f * yrrv,mhk7vs16ki 4 wxms) covers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of berykvk mv*w,is477 sf*h6x m1ring a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed of red light (700 c3 l 4gyx67pyfnm) exceed that of violet light (4346 fcyp7gxl y00 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of+ 1 d(x;q5 hilbaojmc; glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, xw/py8 r-1pze1za+r x-t nn,q$\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a.+b tiwkd0s/ p btm;.p slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width of the central diffraction peak? md+s; .k/btpi bt0pw.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit that is dptqr dp wg-7x+g8 +9z$ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm fali1k/m ;zt7vvutt :zcmf 3 t1h4ls on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm whh/+ ttge g-v y: 3b/d-qy(noyide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maxtb/3ge( h-+g qv:yotyd/yn-h imum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slitt cacj*s km:)x*n-h,c. If the angle between the first bright fringess*j) xcmnt:k,* hc- ac on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak1t.okbc8c so) on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit ill8 c1bt)csook.uminated by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavedq8:pm qc/dp cordoym: /ji6;f+f39 nlength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of:rjm/cco6fdmfoi+ 3p : yp/d dq 8qn;9 center are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slitco mj.xuwv/ -4, it creates a central diffractj.4umw/-co vx ion peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffrac 6z6j 4; ek;ct)zpiuxktion maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screjzkz)p k4 ;; tuxice66en 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given waveleng,hn- xx 6dd.mtth $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximum when n 9z)9toc8wl cfalling on a gra) olntcczw9 89ting whose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the third-order occurs at a:9: ,ih xs fo9nfuwch0nxnu90 i h: fsfh9:w,oc 18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589p ev9hz8v l;4s-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is observehv vp489 ;lzsed at a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating eigdt,mk l .;i8d2x+vhas $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally oniw rpohvmhy;0, ze1iq9d,- 2q a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order thx 60-a9( yswudb at9that can be seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidenc0bs t(au t-9ya9d6xh we.   

  Two (and only two) full spn:y/ke9 zpa0xvpv r 5m4io*2uectral orders can be seen on either side of the central max *zin05puymprv 9 4vkexa:2o/ imum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750p34 t36ciuvmtfqpbhe 0t 1z64 nm falls on a grating withqmi3th 4vbzut1te6f0 p4c p 36 $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser whicjt tt/sox:8ol2p--fea+ 2zrzno9 k;ah produces monochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines ar*(9zzj zvbt zxg107 ,b; wsqzee measured by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflectedq6xq/.d cksyv r6n b y+-03ruu at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assuq3 0+uq6 kdnvy ub/r6cys.x r-me that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Ex rp, j7 lc+mcz5ggx p;)pjhg.)ample 24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5 cm lopg)p, lj+x zjhp;75g )mc gc.rng?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soap h /*j6t *.5mzgy mhnckfilm $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish ye)b9gc r.,kf1dckpc*0mu h fa 8 sepk+.llow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not c9x7s3fw/ nf,zm *o lbzounting the dark spot at the centl xn/z 9msf,7o3*wfb zer) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of opticallymx *y46su+tl, rb89k -y3 csebg7kfvg flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark 8*ke6vy+ xry3m7tscsb, u -gblg9f4k lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be between two flat glass54i +i xmstkaj.d/p;w surfaces if the glass is to appear bright whenxmjs;./kpw 4td5 ai+ i 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of*bo8d f)9 x:)lcx (bfrm ovo7c being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohoxns88c5ug ous6urw /g: b z/o.l $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immy2bni3ni,9 zfersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquidiiny23, b zn9f?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an58sum xm9b5-- (jlk-ojoju s49 ks zat interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.22-o s8m9j9s- z5u5jtb jak-u(mlxo4 sk5 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected toqxgf+f t5y9 (k the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty g9f+k (t 5qyxfmicrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirr7j**pww02ussz6p fv gor $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small g6.i z 2etd da;hb/fnv6lass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming t h6a inv/2;b6.edtfdz hat the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented p /itnw5a+y0yat 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an air–glass (3kkbleurh ca 8732eu$(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s anglej q7r o0rsev41f q9m(r for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting the di7s r4 o9vreqq1jfm0( ramond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through them is a mam du,j2xc;4l cximum. At what angle should one of them be pl ;d,lxumccj24 aced so that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to r/ijfsw3v3)wn educe the intensity of the incident unpolarifi3w jn3 /v)swzed light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are or.emz*x-4*/jh z*n7mfqxyg um iented at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 38.ot.z nyf 5/ o03fw qdvsy/,tb+0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections off the surface of water1pvqm)u-p27 mccud2u: f, 7a sqrpej , for light coming from beneath the ss),r ,p7 2ep:au c7qmudv-mq2ucf p1jurface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Polaroid sheeac:ahd,ur/5g w+c .fu 8 :w8hij 8eowits, each of whose axis makes a8r8/ hu,fducew+j. ow chi :agw8:a5i 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength 8ohq7b bih/ lt b9w*,s-z5ib o$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting fkv/2awn4rq685om ssj rom mountains or airplanes can interfere with the direct signal from ow8n52/ra 4k q ssmvj6the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes throughk2vp 2o;)yeod a diffraction grating with 2);dek ypvo o2$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apart. Thex6o 03 d-qdgsk3+wn,qb fq .wv screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-ordewknx q0wqsf, v 3d6+g 3bd-qo.r fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts fzh9n 73 5yn9px pxi7hyrom two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in bo 7h5i3n9yxhxp y7n 9pzth directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0 wjea,,ws zo e8*a*(fs.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate,e,(aajs *we ofws *z8 at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light fallsxqq 4na6f0:w6 c3nq sj on a single slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parax v31uw, awujee1 es)5llel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright )ejswxu15e,vu1 wa e3 when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there.ijznsx rpu/8i// ha . is to be no second-order spectrum for any visible wavelength?unj/ spih8ia/.z / r.x   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra mds /idd+t eew4(e4 sze-4kpg.f2t+* nbph8pof white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What st 4pk/e e wp+(dmdfb p 44eh*dsz+gt.-8n2iewavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium light,vzaqx n/h +2ew* 47tpowk)vp8 $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pattern is vi ,+a*xx -xlqi9o8.nkw,h xyszewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light be xh9+.z* q,sxxiow-,xl 8yknaam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction d ncf;a8l vu-am:+1g2o*otp n0:fzbq of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, whd -ou0bpvo ;fn+qa* z8:al21cm n ftg:en laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wn rok*r,iz,, kio x7t1avelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic filmn7o1k ,oitxr,,rz* ki in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thiyge:g .rikp - ;3byztq s22w)jckness needed for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two flat glmqvp* (k: 2ftuass surfaces if the glass is*f(qvuk p2m t: to appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a 0uknv;p8 jzrn3k /cio5*bv,pthin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relati*0 k j5vk /r;vn,8 cbnuoi3zppve size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the hori*1-nxl q,3bk q)tud kpr5u2wr zon is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is pd1 nq-*pl5)u2 xrwk3b qu,krtolarized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should tht3ix+dgy 0 ,ite axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after t +dt 30i,yxgithe first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axeofh h)b :f,znh:(;v9+cvo y4oq -ezqds are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes ao49z;hf+dbfqc h-(v z o:e:qo,v )hny 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axes vertical, at 30ywu dn5b2 b f24ygp:+v$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of9/kmrhdhj:i qqvu,2; width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width ofkvh ;/hmui,q 2 j:dq9r the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers 1:brq-ywe4 gmg 9jdi +g.e t2uare each placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap 1cb+4q5s xuw t$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with )zsy:x :rem6geach other. They are located a::ry6sgm ezx )t points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 n(ryrat.aof sv)n( 5 e+m, enters a silicate flint glass equilatntfory+ ()a esar 5.(veral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one fla3xcm8ajsic -4 nudc9 :t surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm