Why is the depth of field greater, and the image sharper, when a camera lcs; mgy8+lv-h ens is “stopped down” to a lyvcm;l8-sgh + arger f-number? Ignore diffraction.

Describe how diffraction affects thx;6 1gy59yfgimo 0m y do/me1fe statement that the depth of field is greater and the image sharper when a camera lens is “stopped down” t 0do o/e91ymgf6yfyg1x5mi; mo a larger f-number.

Why must a camera lens be d2w*e 9eg m+.fgs6enwmoved farther from the film to focus on a closer objec6n.2s9*e +weegd wfm gt?

Why are bifocals needed mainly by older persons and not generally by you)3rjw l u 4y5pavs-h0tnger people?0 thrlwsj pu5-4)y v3a

  Will a nearsighted person who wears corrective lens)acdk -y y .ob(c7j(p;hss9 h/1oh joees in her glasses be able to see clearly underwater when wearing those glac) ;b y-1dhky(7shj.jop( o o/e9sa hcsses?  ----待选择----yesno Use a diagram to show why or why not.

You can tell whether a person is nearsighted or farsighted by lodj frv f8y)nvu8/ o3 7me/5rkcoking at the width of the face through their glasses. fvjr/yeoknf/37md) c58 uv r8If the person’s face appears narrower through the glasses (Fig. Below), is the person farsighted or nearsighted?

In attempting to discern distant details, people will someh;l wczmvl 1y-l6m qkuqti/s sg;7l33.s 70uq times squint. Why does thsg l uztsq1033 6l; s;l cwm./-7uqikl7yhqvm is help?

Is the image formed on the retina ej5bc )5o (ctrt(0n qqof the human eye upright or inverted? Discuss the implications of this for(bt eo 5(tr jq5)0qccn our perception of objects.

The human eye is much like a camera — yet, when a camera shutter is left open an+1 .+iidpi;oz 6mlx(f +fak zt.t jxr4d the camera is moved, the image will be blurred; but when you move your head with your eyes of +6lzrtdt;m1f.+izap.4k x oj+ iix(pen, you still see clearly. Explain.

  Reading glasses use converging lenses. A s7 zv8i0y aul/jimple magnifier is also a converging lens. Are reading gli /80a7y vzlujasses therefore magnifiers? ----待选择----yesno  Discuss the similarities and differences between converging lenses as used for these two different purposes.

Inexpensive microscopes for children’s use usually produce image)4bkr6mzvrfy*-,) bqnz; kwes that are colored at the edges. Whqnf *b;zk -46we r y,mb))kzrvy?

Spherical aberration in a thin lens is minimizedh(nr,crq9s5)h ik o(tk 14 vdh if rays are bent equally by the two surfaces. If a planoconvex lens is used to form a real image of an object at infinity, which surfhd9n )rt14ikhc qok r(,h5vs (ace should face the object? Use ray diagrams to show why.

Which aberrations present in a simple 9 ifl9giv3fxawk:5j/lens are not present (or are greatly reduck:ai/395flvfx 9j g iwed) in the human eye?

Explain why chromatic aberration occurs for thin lenses but no a;np, v.8x0fj0pwchup- mc4it for mirrors.

  By what factor can you improve resolution, other things being equal, if you use (sfx2vybp0 ou5 qd* w7blue livyso0xq (dw pu*f52b7 ght ($\lambda=450mm$) rather than red (700 $nm$)?  

Give at least two advantages for the use of large reflecting mirrors in astrhy9:i. .n2s jzqlh( qnonomlh.i: nynq.s jz2hq9(ical telescopes.

Which color of visible light would give the best resolution in a microscope? zr5 yo,yc5 ;abExplr,c yb 5a5oz;yain.

  Atoms have diameters of about vnhunok n ray3;p r2((c/j*n 9$10^{-8}\,$cm$. Can visible light be used to “see” an atom? ----待选择----yesno  Explain.

  A 55-mm-focal-length lens has f-stops rangivhj-y(1 2 fpp.gpzk m)ng from $f/1.4$ to $f/22$. What is the corresponding range of lens diaphragm diameters?    $\mathrm{mm}\leq D\leq$    $\mathrm{mm}$

  A television camera le-8adai(.f lp: f;y4kd0medjhns has a 14-$cm$ focal length and a lens diameter of 6.0 $cm$. What is its $f$-number? $f$/  

  A light meter reports that a camera setting of*w4dgxf,k q+ ka :j(yq $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/5.6$ will give a correct exposure. But the photographer wishes to use $f/11$ to increase the depth of field. What should the shutter speed be?$t_2$ = 1/   s

  A properly exposed pt o2wus5 0owe8p2xbn7+m.gc yhotograph is taken at $f/16$ and $\frac{1}{60}\,s$ What lens opening would be required if the shutter speed were $\frac{1}{1000}\,s$? $f$/  

  If an $f$ = 135-mm telephoto lens is designed to cover object distances from 1.2 m to $\infty $, over what distance must the lens move relative to the plane of the film?    mm

  A 200-mm-focal-length lens can be adjusted so that it is 200.0 mm1v eg 4xo3;hpvhd )2na to 206.0 mm frhh)na oge;vp3xd1 24vom the film. For what range of object distances can it be adjusted?    $\mathrm{m}\leq d_{\circ}\leq\infty$

  A nature photographer wishes:)gex iyy+bwz+2z p 3x to photograph a 28-mtall tree from a distance of 58 m. What focal-length lens should be used if the imz3)zwe ybi+yg2:+ x pxage is to fill the 24-mm height of the film?    mm

A “pinhole” camera useiq rtf8y0abm 7 )yn+-yz+gt, ts a tiny pinhole instead of a lens. Show, using ray diagrams,y8 gyqy+ a-7tmtn+ir), f0tzb how reasonably sharp images can be formed using such a pinhole camera. In particular, consider two point objects 2.0 $cm$ apart that are 1.0 m from a 1.0-mm-diameter pinhole. Show that on a piece of film 7.0 $cm$ behind the pinhole the two objects produce two separate circles that do not overlap.

  Suppose that a correct exposure3wxl2+9t c5j bp4kh k;pf-nvl w i82bv is $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/11$ Under the same conditions, what exposure time would be needed for a pinhole camera (Problem 8) if the pinhole diameter is 1.0 mm and the film is 7.0 $cm$ from the hole? $t_2$ = 1/   s

  A human eyeball is about 23slt5tt z2n w..0 $cm$ long, and the pupil has a maximum diameter of about 8.0 mm. What is the “speed” of this lens? $ f-stop$ = f/  

  If the nearsighted person in Examplqrm)3q,kj 0cte 25–6 wore contact lenses corrected for the far po0km)cq3jtq, r int $(=\,\infty)$ show that the near point would be 41 $cm$. (Would glasses be better in this case?) glasses would be  ----待选择----betterworse 

  Reading glasses of what power are neen:cqqk;u j n84 b92fdtded for a person whose near point is 115 $cm$, so that he can read a computer screen at 55 $cm$? Assume a lens–eye distance of 1.8 $cm$.+    D

  A person has a far poincqt 00v *ec:ny.dm( kat of 14 $cm$. What power glasses would correct this vision if the glasses were placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye?    What power contact lenses, placed on the eye, would the person need?   

  A person struggles to read by holding a book at arm’s length, a distance ez7* vfl;kuh qicqa2 q:019no of 45 $cm$ away (= near point). What power of reading glasses should be prescribed for him, assuming they will be placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye and he wants to read at the normal near point of 25 $cm$? +    D

  A person’s left eye is correjjinku x1( rr71).y gsgc*e w kthf/8)cted by a $-3.50-diopter$ lens, 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
(a) Is this person’s left eye near- or farsighted?  ----待选择----nearsightedfarsighted 
(b) What is this eye’s far point without glasses?    cm

  A person’s right eye can see objects clearly only if theyo.jo0 mctp c/0/v l8ef are between 25 $cm$ and 75 $cm$ away.
(a) What power of contact lens is required so that objects far away are sharp? -    D
(b) What will be the near point with the lens in place?    cm

  About how much longer isc ey(*4rje ma qn9 q/ b0yywi09v;4rak the nearsighted eye in Example 25–6 than the 2.0 $cm$ of a normal eye?    cm

  One lens of a nearsighted person’s eyeglasses has a foca xtr16+yju 9pzji 0um/l length of $-22.0 \, cm$ and the lens is 1.8 $cm$ from the eye. If the person switches to contact lenses that are placed directly on the eye, what should be the focal length of the corresponding contact lens?    cm

  What is the focal length of the eye–lens system when viewing an object 4wch;r4wsb 9 ss +-vkg
(a) at infinity,    cm
(b) 33 $cm$ from the eye? Assume that the lens–retina distance is 2.0 $cm$.   cm

  A nearsighted person has near and far poin0)9i,tm uxzxdgpgf xg.5-2 l ff;1la cts of 10.0 and 20.0 $cm$, respectively. If she puts on contact lenses with power $P\,=\,-4.00D$, what are her new near and far points?
near point    cm
far point    cm

  What is the magnification of a lens used withaw6s fz 85d.wr a relaxed eye if its focal length is 1sf5drw6w z8a. 2 $cm$? =    $\times$

  What is the focal length of a magnifying glcs74k rpmzmkstfx0vx() 14p) ass of $3.5\times$ magnification for a relaxed normal eye?    cm

  A magnifier is rated a8 9.4kqt6f b6mudjd6mngv1no t $2.5\times$for a normal eye focusing on an image at the near point.
(a) What is its focal length?    cm
(b) What is its focal length if the $2.5\times$ refers to a relaxed eye?    cm

  Sherlock Holmes is using a 9) x29q4p uoaiz.00-$cm$-focal-length lens as his magnifying glass. To obtain maximum magnification, where must the object be placed (assume a normal eye), and what will be the magnification?
$d_o$ =    cm from the lens
M =    $\times$

  A 3.30-mm-wide beetle is viewed with a 9.50af4ftbc t5w)-lym1 7r-loz 8i-$cm$-focal-length lens. A normal eye views the image at its near point. Calculate
(a) the angular magnification, =    $\times$
(b) the width of the image,    mm
(c) the object distance from the lens.    cm from the lens

  A small insect is pla g.fuudli uj,n /*zg,p7du,1qced 5.55 $cm$ from a $+6.00-$cm$-focal-length$ lens. Calculate
(a) the position of the image,    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass with a focal length of 8.3 d9hygc ty*-b9(a onn5 $cm$ is used to read print placed at a distance of 7.5 $cm$. Calculate
(a) the position of the image;    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass isps7inpm1w1/,v6 qhln rated at $3.0\times$ for a normal eye that is relaxed. What would be the magnification of this lens for a relaxed eye whose near point is
(a) 55 $cm$, =    $\times$
(b) 16 $cm$? Explain the differences. =    $\times$

  What is the magnification of an astronomical telescope whose otrmh8i3e*qxoyl1+ fkj0l)1 v bjective lens has a focal lengtmoy hj 81qlr*vfke 1xi)3+0 tlh of 76 $cm$ and whose eyepiece has a focal length of 2.8 $cm$? What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for a relaxed eye?
M =    $\times$
L =    $\times$

  The overall magnification of an astronomical tele*j/rrwlzc yk e r3:-al6we5p .scope is desired to be 25$\times$. If an objective of 78$-cm$ focal length is used,
what must be the focal length of the eyepiece? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for use by the relaxed eye? L =    cm

  An 8.0$\times$ binocular has 2.8$-$cm$-focal-length$ eyepieces. What is the focal length of the objective lenses?    cm

  An astronomical telescope hash qtlxdv* )a, vq1(jv g4vhb)6 an objective with focal length 85 $cm$ and a $+35-D$ eyepiece. What is the total magnification? =    $\times$

  An astronomical telescope has its two ler(/bqk ,ixj, rg r8-sewq+kb*nses spaced 75.2 $cm$ apart. If the objective lens has a focal length of 74.5 $cm$, what is the magnification of this telescope? Assume a relaxed eye. =    $\times$

  A Galilean telescope adjusted for a relaxed edz,7-)ad/ks)cklh j gjn) )k lye is 32.8 $cm$ long. If the objective lens has a focal length of 36.0 $cm$, what is the magnification? =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying power of an astronomical telesco qf6z )4u6pvmw.u h3*ddr2z6vfbat3 sjzfw 7)pe using a reflecting mirror whose radius of curd3 )4affp 2.t *6jvzz6w qm)hbuz f 3u6sdvw7rvature is 6.0 $m$ and an eyepiece whose focal length is 3.2 $cm$? =    $\times$

  The Moon’s image appears to be magnifdgo3ojanw dy)c 15 dl;flbv +l0*6u8l ied 120$\times$ by a reflecting astronomical telescope with an eyepiece having a focal length of 3.2 $cm$. What are the focal length and radius of curvature of the main (objective) mirror? M =    m r =    m

  A 170$\times$ astronomical telescope is adjusted for a relaxed eye when the two lenses are 1.25 m apart. What is the focal length of each lens?
$f_e$ =    mm
$f_o$ =    m

  A reflecting telescope (Fig. Below) hao(f)qt(k/dt y9erv a7 s a radius of curvature of 3.0 m for its objecti/ra(7 v9yt dfqe (o)ktve mirror and a radius of curvature of $-1.50m$ for its eyepiece mirror. If the distance between the two mirrors is 0.90 m, how far in front of the eyepiece should you place the photographic film to record the image of a star? $d_{2i}$ =    m

  A microscope uses an eyepiece with a focal qxuf h v9fd;dhat6+n t07 yh2w.34a k7ghwkp6length of 1.40 $cm$. Using a normal eye with a final image at infinity, the tube length is 17.5 $cm$ and the focal length of the objective lens is 0.65 $cm$. What is the magnification of the microscope? =    $\times$

  A 620 $\times$ microscope uses a 0.40-$cm$-focal-length objective lens. If the tube length is 17.5 $cm$, what is the focal length of the eyepiece? Assume a normal eye and that the final image is at infinity. $f_e$ =    cm

  A 17-$cm$-long microscope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5 $cm$ and an objective with a focal length of 0.28 $cm$. What is the approximate magnification?    $times$

  A microscope has a 12y, 8mzzg3j t0o.0$times$ eyepiece and a 59.0$times$ objective lens 20.0 $cm$ apart. Calculate
(a) the total magnification,    $times$
(b) the focal length of each lens, $f_e$ =    cm $f_o$ =    cm
(c) where the object must be for a normal relaxed eye to see it in focus. $d_o$ =    cm

  A microscope has a 1.8ovul+dr8 e*f)-$cm$-focal-length eyepiece and a 0.80-$cm$ objective lens. Assuming a relaxed normal eye, calculate
(a) the position of the object if the distance between the lenses is 16.0 $cm$, $d_{oo}$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $times$

  Repeat Problem 61 assuming that the final image is locatehffvq )v /aao 3z*tg49d 25 $cm$ from the eyepiece (near point of a normal eye). $d_{oo}$ =    cm   $times$

  The eyepiece of a compound microscope has a zjps m 7:rtxycpq/4.+focal length of 2.70 $cm$, and the objective lens has $f=0.740\mathrm{~cm}$. If an object is placed 0.790 $cm$ from the objective lens, calculate
(a) the distance between the lenses when the microscope is adjusted for a relaxed eye, $l$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $\times$

  An achromatic lens is made of two very thin lenses, placed icg;h s(ow,vr2fr + -0etg)fjmn contact, that have focal lenh(r0vecfom ;ws2-frt +gg)j, gths of $f_1=-28\mathrm{~cm}$ and $f_2=+23\mathrm{~$cm$}.$
(a) Is the combination converging or diverging?  ----待选择----convergingdiverging 
(b) What is the net focal length?    m

  Let’s examine spherical aberration in a particular situati*w ))cl9ubkz kon. A planoconvex lens of index of refraction 1.50 and*k bulkz9)c w) radius of curvature $R=12.0\mathrm{~$cm$}$ is shown in (Fig. Below). Consider an incoming ray parallel to the principal axis and a height h above it as shown. Determine the distance d, from the flat face of the lens, to where this ray crosses the principal axis if
(a) $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_1$ =    cm
(b) $h=6.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_2$ =    cm
(c) How far apart are these “focal points”? $\Delta d$ =    cm
(d) What is the radius of the “circle of least confusion” produced by the $h=6.0-\mathrm{~$cm$},$ ray at the “focal point” for $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$? r =    cm

  What is the angular resolution lim ,w. q98i 6bezv: puwbs.(lb1ao0 aahpit (degrees) set by diffraction for the 100-in. :.a,o6 zu h8iw91( bpl.sawbvaqpe0 b (254-$cm$ mirror diameter) Mt. Wilson telescope ($\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}$)?   $ \times10^{ -5}\;^{\circ}$

  Suppose that you wish to construct a telescope that can resolve featurei:e)vh 9*rq 8yn2rut es 7.0 $km$ across on the Moon, 384,000 $km$ away. You have a 2.0-$m$-focal-length objective lens whose diameter is 11.0 $cm$.
What focal-length eyepiece is needed if your eye can resolve objects 0.10 $mm$ apart at a distance of 25 $cm$? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the resolution limit (radians) set by the size of the objective lens (that is, by diffraction)?
Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ $\theta$   $ \times10^{ -6}\;rad$

  The normal lens on a 35-mm camera has a focal length of 5oh7wxs )*r:jw 0.0 $mm$. Its aperture diameter varies from a maximum of 25 $mm$ $(f/2)$ to a minimum of 3.0 mm $(f/16)$. Determine the resolution limit set by diffraction for $f/2$ and $f/16$. Specify as the number of lines per millimeter resolved on the film. Take $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$
For $\frac{f}{2}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm
For $\frac{f}{16}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm

  Two stars 15 light-years away are barely resor9hiqd8:c gw:x izeu0 cj;5k3*lz5m q lved by a 55-$cm$ (mirror diameter) telescope. How far apart are the stars? Assume $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ and that the resolution is limited by diffraction.   $ \times10^{11 }\;m$

  (a) How far away can a hurxt 60z2j)an aman eye distinguish two car headlights 2.0 $m$ apart? Consider only diffraction effects and assume an eye pupil diameter of 5.0 $mm$ and a wavelength of 550 $nm$.
L =    km
(b) What is the minimum angular separation an eye could resolve when viewing two stars, considering only diffraction effects? In reality, it is about of arc. Why is it not equal to your answer in (b)? $\theta$ =    $\times 10^{-3}$ $^{\circ}$

  The Earth and Moon are 0wnkxxprn.-+a b0xh 8 separated by about $400\times10^6\mathrm{~m.}$ When Mars is $8\times10^{10}\mathrm{~m}$ from Earth, could a person standing on Mars resolve the Earth and its Moon as two separate objects without a telescope? Assume a pupil diameter of 5 $mm$ and $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$  ----待选择----yesno 

  X-rays of wavelength 0.133 nm fall on a crystal whose atom4jucq q3swrpivj4 6;.( q7zi ys, lying in planes, are spasq43qc(4 j.z6 7qy ;jrvwiiupced 0.280 $nm$ apart. At what angle \phi (relative to the surface, Fig. Below) must the X-rays be directed if the first diffraction maximum is to be observed? $\phi $ =    $^{\circ}\,$

  X-rays of wavelength 0.0973 nm are directed at an unknowe19q 3lui cckegja626 n crystal. The second diffraction maximum is recorded whcj3k ul 61q29ce eai6gen the X-rays are directed at an angle of $\mathrm{23.4°}$ relative to the crystal surface. What is the spacing between crystal planes? d =    nm

  First-order Bragg diffraction is observed u-3eege96sdeat $\mathrm{25.2°}$ related to the crystal surface, with spacing between atoms of 0.24 $nm$.
(a) At what angle will second order be observed? $\phi_2 $=    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) What is the wavelength of the X-rays? $\lambda $ =    nm

  (a) Suppose for a conventional X-rayf -y ,t(g jd74phk.oty image that the X-ray beam consists of parallel rays. What would be the magnification of the image? a the (,ot-j.hpt dk g7 y4fymagnification is   
(b) Suppose, instead, the X-rays come from a point source (as in Fig. Below) that is 15 $cm$ in front of a human body 25 $cm$ thick, and the film is pressed against the person’s back. Determine and discuss the range of magnifications that results. $m_1$ =    the magnification is  

  Sam purchases $+3.50-diopter$ eyeglasses which correct his faulty vision to put his near point at 25 $cm$. (Assume he wears the lenses 2.0 $cm$ from his eyes.)
(a) Calculate the focal length of Sam’s glasses.    cm
(b) Calculate Sam’s near point without glasses. his near point is    cm
(c) Pam, who has normal eyes with near point at 25 $cm$, puts on Sam’s glasses. Calculate Pam’s near point with Sam’s glasses on.    cm from her eyes

  As early morning passed toward midday, and the sunlight got more intense, a s03uf(mutx5s j,5aizbb - x1p photographer noted that, if she kept her shutter speed c1s-3bxb zi0f5 xupujs tam,5( onstant, she had to change the $f$-number from $f/5.6$ to $f/22$. By what factor had the sunlight intensity increased during that time? $I_2$ =    $I_1$

Show that for objects very far away (assume infinity), 8,*iwal)dp+f aiei)x4uiv/ dge 5 qcxv(0mv+ the magnification of a camera lens is propovp*,xl e)i+wxidu) 8c( egqmdafa4i05vvi +/ rtional to its focal length.

  For a camera equipped)qf* kjie7 w0zm csf8ao46; tz with a 50-$mm$-focal-length lens, what is the object distance if the image height equals the object height? How far is the object from the film?
$d_o$ =    mm
d =    mm

  A woman can see clearlyd1+/cwjp / *hbblich :o9bp-c with her right eye only when objects are between 45 $cm$ and 155 $cm$ away. Prescription bifocals should have what powers so that she can see distant objects clearly (upper part) and be able to read a book 25 $cm$ away (lower part) with her right eye? Assume that the glasses will be 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
$P_1$ =    D(upper part)
$P_2$ =    D(lower part)

  A child has a near point r:v6o2pfsl3 fof 15 $cm$. What is the maximum magnification the child can obtain using an 8.0-$cm$-focal-length magnifier? What magnification can a normal eye obtain with the same lens? Which person sees more detail?
$M_1$ =    $\times$
$M_2$ =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying powea1i 8 t/rwcsw,2c6dm:xe:kdx r of a $+4.0-D$ lens used as a magnifier? Assume a relaxed normal eye. $M$ =    $\times$

  A physicist lost in the mountains tries to make a telurc95ya cy -q-escope using the lenses from hic-u- 5y 9yaqrcs reading glasses. They have powers of $+2.0-D$ and $+4.0-D$, respectively.
(a) What maximum magnification telescope is possible? $M$ =    $\times$
(b) Which lens should be used as the eyepiece?    D

  A 50-year-old man uses ceg,: iq1)kpb$+2.5-diopter$ lenses to read a newspaper 25 $cm$ away. Ten years later, he must hold the paper 35 $cm$ away to see clearly with the same lenses. What power lenses does he need now in order to hold the paper 25 $cm$ away? (Distances are measured from the lens.) $P_2$ = +    D

  Spy planes fly at extremely hi(d bja*6 upkl+gh altitudes (25 $km$) to avoid interception. Their cameras are reportedly able to discern features as small as 5 $cm$. What must be the minimum aperture of the camera lens to afford this resolution? (Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$)D =    cm

When shooting pictures at very short distances, exposure tid* g9m) 2vxm 6d ud29(vgvdojkmes must be increased because of the increased distance of the lens frok9ugd v()2om9 xvdgdj6 v m*2dm the film for a focused image.
(a) Show that when the object is so close to the camera that the image height equals the object height, the exposure time must be four times longer (or 2 f-stops) than when the object is a long distance away (say, $$\infty), given the same illumination and f-stop.
(b) Show that if $d_o$ is at least four or five times the focal length f of the lens, the exposure time is increased by less than half an f-stop relative to the same object being a great distance away.

  The objective lens and the eyepiece of a telescope are spaced:i1e f4sz/jjxg9 g *gd 85 $cm$ apart. If the eyepiece is $+23$ diopters, what is the total magnification of the telescope? $M$ =    $\times$

  The Hubble Space Telescope, with an objective m3n4mcerip,,b-9:3si pqjlj diameter of 2.4 m, is viewing the Moo, jjcn p,s9 :iermi 3qpm3-b4ln. Estimate the minimum distance between two objects on the Moon that the Hubble can distinguish. Consider diffraction of light of wavelength 550 nm. Assume the Hubble is near the Earth.    m

  Two converging lenselih)xn+-a6k,z n iwf, s, one with $f=4.0\mathrm{~cm}$ and the other with $f=44\mathrm{~cm}$ are made into a telescope.
(a) What are the length and magnification? Which lens should be the eyepiece?
The distance between the two lenses is   cm
M =    $\times $
f =    cm
(b) Assume these lenses are now combined to make a microscope; if the magnification needs to be $25\times,$ how long would the microscope be?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has a magnific1i:we8 +jmvcgation of 8.0. If the two lenses are 28 $cm$ apart, determine the focal length of each lens.
The focal length of the eyepiece lens is    cm
The focal length of the objective lens is    cm

  You want to design a spy saiz y45z0qg+;wjbf /91clshcb6 s 3ofvtellite to photograph license plate numbers. Assuming it is necessary to resolve points separated1wscbh4/b6;q3io fzslvygc +5 0 f9zj by 5 $cm$ with 550-$nm$ light, and that the satellite orbits at a height of 130 $km$, what minimum lens aperture (diameter) is required? D =    m

  A Lucite planoconvex lens (Fig. Below) .qtm73k1wx jzhas one flat surface and the other has $R=18.4\mathrm{~cm}.$ This lens is used to view an object, located 66.0 $cm$ away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? $d_{i\,red}$ =    cm
$d_{i\,orange}$ =    cm