Why is the depth of field greater,hg8vy via;g8 +jubh)c;mh1q dym ))q )k:0c nm and the image sharper, when a camera lens is “stopped dojv)q) vihgh;m;n baumcc+1)yk0 hdg8ym:8q ) wn” to a larger f-number? Ignore diffraction.

Describe how diffraction affects the state8bt5. z9su.i k +;ipf9o fc7ppa5 pcqzment that the depth of field is greater and the image sha t5za.qcc.+9iu5z ib7p9 pfp sp;ko8frper when a camera lens is “stopped down” to a larger f-number.

Why must a camera lens be moved farther from the film to focus on a closer objx1r;pk dsg yyf6 -3gl.ect?d;xprygy3k f lg6s .1-

Why are bifocals needed mainly by older persons and not generally by younger peaiis.2lv)-4g :r dv cgqy //ryt 9o/wjopowggqi /r4vt /.)/ al y-c v:ysdirj92le?

  Will a nearsighted person who wears corrective lenses in n3c2p 40l mnw9je(djxher glasses be able to see clearly underwater whenlp9jmn 42n3 jx e(dw0c wearing those glasses?  ----待选择----yesno Use a diagram to show why or why not.

You can tell whether a person is nearsighted or farsighted by looking a()z +)ohh oj)v;am joqt the width of the face through their glasses. If the person’s face appears narrower through the glasses (Fig. Below), is the person farsighted or nearsightedoov) )hah j o()zjq+;m?

In attempting to discern distant details, people willwvb2vx/ q0 knnib1.9w sometimes squint. Why does thisnxi/vww2 kq.nb1 v09b help?

Is the image formed on the retina of the human eyzf)lrwk.2ag e1z9b y( b.xtr5 1 1jzjae upright or inverted? Discuss the implications of this for our perception zb(xyzgzj.r1 . f)k51 wjlr 9 1abtea2of objects.

The human eye is much like a camera — yet, when a camera shu; yham:v2.h pztter is left open and thehy:ahm.z;p2 v camera is moved, the image will be blurred; but when you move your head with your eyes open, you still see clearly. Explain.

  Reading glasses use converging lenses. A simple magnifie ,yjxct8b ao8 6)cfxjysx78v2r is also a converging lensbj788yj8ofc6 x,x cysa v2t x). Are reading glasses therefore magnifiers? ----待选择----yesno  Discuss the similarities and differences between converging lenses as used for these two different purposes.

Inexpensive microscopes for children’s use usually produce images that are col66(r: 3p6;o mq k3 cxqv2 baqqys)iktmored at the edgeipxkoq 6 ; 3amkvsm26cy q6qb3r(:)qts. Why?

Spherical aberration in a thin lens is minimized if rays are bent equally bynzg( 3kf 3 0yk*xduo+w the two surfaces. If a planoconvex lens f3y0zuk3+x odk*wg (nis used to form a real image of an object at infinity, which surface should face the object? Use ray diagrams to show why.

Which aberrations present in a simple lens are not present (or are greatly redct 9 792tv91fjxrytx eqk 6*mxuced) in the humafe9x9rt xy29k c mt7*jt1vx6qn eye?

Explain why chromatichew qa5 q58j1hm8dzv- aberration occurs for thin lenses but not for mirrors.

  By what factor can you improve resolution, other things being equal, if you use d/a gwam*b*f5blue ligh dw/f*a gm*ab5t ($\lambda=450mm$) rather than red (700 $nm$)?  

Give at least two advantages le rrrn/ wloeh/yfp:lw( 0u9qb 3-.o,for the use of large reflecting mirrors in astronomicl/oq0 l/h pr,leo (3frbew.yw u rn:9-al telescopes.

Which color of visible light would give the bes u(ov0pk 8.q(xvsp-gtt resolution in a microscope? Exptxv(ug-vp0. (qsk 8op lain.

  Atoms have diameters of about6z gg) ehdp0x3yif .n77a6ura $10^{-8}\,$cm$. Can visible light be used to “see” an atom? ----待选择----yesno  Explain.

  A 55-mm-focal-length lens has f- zvd/un j35.xmstops ranging from $f/1.4$ to $f/22$. What is the corresponding range of lens diaphragm diameters?    $\mathrm{mm}\leq D\leq$    $\mathrm{mm}$

  A television camera xzz(dio3 6zmhb + 7a+5-mtihxlens has a 14-$cm$ focal length and a lens diameter of 6.0 $cm$. What is its $f$-number? $f$/  

  A light meter reports that a cn7kevw,j xp6d+o * km*amera setting of $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/5.6$ will give a correct exposure. But the photographer wishes to use $f/11$ to increase the depth of field. What should the shutter speed be?$t_2$ = 1/   s

  A properly exposed photograph is ldakq1y5l- lu3hx aa -2:ux0gtaken at $f/16$ and $\frac{1}{60}\,s$ What lens opening would be required if the shutter speed were $\frac{1}{1000}\,s$? $f$/  

  If an $f$ = 135-mm telephoto lens is designed to cover object distances from 1.2 m to $\infty $, over what distance must the lens move relative to the plane of the film?    mm

  A 200-mm-focal-length lens can be ,dc z.x+fr;2cpsltr;adjusted so that it is 200.0 mm to 206.0 mm from the film. For what range of object distancesx;zr ;+sclr ft.,2pc d can it be adjusted?    $\mathrm{m}\leq d_{\circ}\leq\infty$

  A nature photographer wishes to photograph a 28-mtall txizy(8//y bgseq* *u tree from a distance of 58 m. What focal-length lens shou*gy8xyts /iz *eub(q/ld be used if the image is to fill the 24-mm height of the film?    mm

A “pinhole” camera uses a tiny pinhole instead of a iao+ 29i); k7 cj*cgbq.zlw y hbx7g7clens. Show, using ray diagrams, how reasonably sharp images can be formed using such a pinhole camera. In partick)l g9c;i7qwh+. b7c7 jbg*ycza2ix oular, consider two point objects 2.0 $cm$ apart that are 1.0 m from a 1.0-mm-diameter pinhole. Show that on a piece of film 7.0 $cm$ behind the pinhole the two objects produce two separate circles that do not overlap.

  Suppose that a correcylbu*fz2 up00ilxfhh 2j +)(iles ;+ yt exposure is $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/11$ Under the same conditions, what exposure time would be needed for a pinhole camera (Problem 8) if the pinhole diameter is 1.0 mm and the film is 7.0 $cm$ from the hole? $t_2$ = 1/   s

  A human eyeball is about 2.0lqye z:ie()apmtm * p8 s;e91t $cm$ long, and the pupil has a maximum diameter of about 8.0 mm. What is the “speed” of this lens? $ f-stop$ = f/  

  If the nearsighted person in Example 25–6 wore contact lenses corrected forkzq /e.,s4kx/sc pm5 n the far pp4 k. kssqz/c, /xmne5oint $(=\,\infty)$ show that the near point would be 41 $cm$. (Would glasses be better in this case?) glasses would be  ----待选择----betterworse 

  Reading glasses of what p6 dh +j3wrwww)0mb;i/oucwc 1 ower are needed for a person whose near point is 115 $cm$, so that he can read a computer screen at 55 $cm$? Assume a lens–eye distance of 1.8 $cm$.+    D

  A person has a far pointu /csd m92)lq6 c ,pto*j8newn of 14 $cm$. What power glasses would correct this vision if the glasses were placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye?    What power contact lenses, placed on the eye, would the person need?   

  A person struggles to read by holding at/ /4 lm)pc8aa ym:aoy book at arm’s length, a distance of 45 $cm$ away (= near point). What power of reading glasses should be prescribed for him, assuming they will be placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye and he wants to read at the normal near point of 25 $cm$? +    D

  A person’s left eye iuhc8c7+ frmx0 l2srj)xe4 6vb s corrected by a $-3.50-diopter$ lens, 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
(a) Is this person’s left eye near- or farsighted?  ----待选择----nearsightedfarsighted 
(b) What is this eye’s far point without glasses?    cm

  A person’s right eye can see objects clearly onlu/vc zy*wvh)2 y if they are between 25 $cm$ and 75 $cm$ away.
(a) What power of contact lens is required so that objects far away are sharp? -    D
(b) What will be the near point with the lens in place?    cm

  About how much longer is the nearsighted eye in,b/i( b4,twel7cruq 0r-xw c 1fuhnn, Example 25–6 than the 2.0 $cm$ of a normal eye?    cm

  One lens of a nearsighted person’stuh d2(r+:+b97+kz 7:ut hjytyb:epunrg hy9 eyeglasses has a focal length of $-22.0 \, cm$ and the lens is 1.8 $cm$ from the eye. If the person switches to contact lenses that are placed directly on the eye, what should be the focal length of the corresponding contact lens?    cm

  What is the focal length of the eye–lens system when viewing an ob(520 (thz jciznrzlz) ject
(a) at infinity,    cm
(b) 33 $cm$ from the eye? Assume that the lens–retina distance is 2.0 $cm$.   cm

  A nearsighted person has near and far 0pf: sj 2qdcr.points of 10.0 and 20.0 $cm$, respectively. If she puts on contact lenses with power $P\,=\,-4.00D$, what are her new near and far points?
near point    cm
far point    cm

  What is the magnification of a lenqun f)t.q(k*9 tfjqn1h zr1h7s used with a relaxed eye if its focal length is 12 qnfjqnh.zt1(hf q * r19k)t7 u$cm$? =    $\times$

  What is the focal length of a magb9 h stlb3+ohn46fg4g nifying glass of $3.5\times$ magnification for a relaxed normal eye?    cm

  A magnifier is rated wz1 0e 9ccnq8mat $2.5\times$for a normal eye focusing on an image at the near point.
(a) What is its focal length?    cm
(b) What is its focal length if the $2.5\times$ refers to a relaxed eye?    cm

  Sherlock Holmes is using a 9.00- c.leyr;jh b-to2xm k;fa90m,$cm$-focal-length lens as his magnifying glass. To obtain maximum magnification, where must the object be placed (assume a normal eye), and what will be the magnification?
$d_o$ =    cm from the lens
M =    $\times$

  A 3.30-mm-wide beetle is viewed a d3knr;v 20cetl/xc- with a 9.50-$cm$-focal-length lens. A normal eye views the image at its near point. Calculate
(a) the angular magnification, =    $\times$
(b) the width of the image,    mm
(c) the object distance from the lens.    cm from the lens

  A small insect is placed 5.57p:o7pymxh w(5 $cm$ from a $+6.00-$cm$-focal-length$ lens. Calculate
(a) the position of the image,    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass with a focal length ofph+ :t/smt (-bq5agvn 8.5 $cm$ is used to read print placed at a distance of 7.5 $cm$. Calculate
(a) the position of the image;    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass i g;5 1t o-pmu s0ukax*y)vnhp0s rated at $3.0\times$ for a normal eye that is relaxed. What would be the magnification of this lens for a relaxed eye whose near point is
(a) 55 $cm$, =    $\times$
(b) 16 $cm$? Explain the differences. =    $\times$

  What is the magnification of an astrotraazc4jt09hd s*y .7 nomical telescope whose objective lens has a focal le y9stz4. tdc7*ra0j hangth of 76 $cm$ and whose eyepiece has a focal length of 2.8 $cm$? What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for a relaxed eye?
M =    $\times$
L =    $\times$

  The overall magnification of an astronomimcvomxsmax ;78-1 s1 f,yjg.ical telescope is desired to be 25$\times$. If an objective of 78$-cm$ focal length is used,
what must be the focal length of the eyepiece? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for use by the relaxed eye? L =    cm

  An 8.0$\times$ binocular has 2.8$-$cm$-focal-length$ eyepieces. What is the focal length of the objective lenses?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has an objective wit sp8:/lfjq:gn i1rpn7h focal length 85 $cm$ and a $+35-D$ eyepiece. What is the total magnification? =    $\times$

  An astronomical telescope has its two lensesk:4 ;ags37*;iow zak3btgzx b spaced 75.2 $cm$ apart. If the objective lens has a focal length of 74.5 $cm$, what is the magnification of this telescope? Assume a relaxed eye. =    $\times$

  A Galilean telescope adjusted hem liwgk rq67;ur4 7+for a relaxed eye is 32.8 $cm$ long. If the objective lens has a focal length of 36.0 $cm$, what is the magnification? =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying power of an astrono5l ib0cgwr (dv3ry)w7c2xbub 4v;ye+ mical telescope using a reflecting mirror whose radius of curvature dc5+y)w7 yr rb wui0b3x;evcv (g42l bis 6.0 $m$ and an eyepiece whose focal length is 3.2 $cm$? =    $\times$

  The Moon’s image appears to be magnified 7x :oad zw: epu5(epfh*vhv7j..id+d120$\times$ by a reflecting astronomical telescope with an eyepiece having a focal length of 3.2 $cm$. What are the focal length and radius of curvature of the main (objective) mirror? M =    m r =    m

  A 170$\times$ astronomical telescope is adjusted for a relaxed eye when the two lenses are 1.25 m apart. What is the focal length of each lens?
$f_e$ =    mm
$f_o$ =    m

  A reflecting telescope (Fig. Belob9+ylq4h w -jv7vnau7 w) has a radius of curvature of 3.0 m for its objectivywajqv 4b 7h -97vlun+e mirror and a radius of curvature of $-1.50m$ for its eyepiece mirror. If the distance between the two mirrors is 0.90 m, how far in front of the eyepiece should you place the photographic film to record the image of a star? $d_{2i}$ =    m

  A microscope uses an eyepiece withnayhl2 )f:uzz/ ,lzv+ a focal length of 1.40 $cm$. Using a normal eye with a final image at infinity, the tube length is 17.5 $cm$ and the focal length of the objective lens is 0.65 $cm$. What is the magnification of the microscope? =    $\times$

  A 620 $\times$ microscope uses a 0.40-$cm$-focal-length objective lens. If the tube length is 17.5 $cm$, what is the focal length of the eyepiece? Assume a normal eye and that the final image is at infinity. $f_e$ =    cm

  A 17-$cm$-long microscope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5 $cm$ and an objective with a focal length of 0.28 $cm$. What is the approximate magnification?    $times$

  A microscope has a 12.0cld 3)py +sg/lthi ,ffa)e68y $times$ eyepiece and a 59.0$times$ objective lens 20.0 $cm$ apart. Calculate
(a) the total magnification,    $times$
(b) the focal length of each lens, $f_e$ =    cm $f_o$ =    cm
(c) where the object must be for a normal relaxed eye to see it in focus. $d_o$ =    cm

  A microscope has a 1.8-m1p ei6l,jbk 0$cm$-focal-length eyepiece and a 0.80-$cm$ objective lens. Assuming a relaxed normal eye, calculate
(a) the position of the object if the distance between the lenses is 16.0 $cm$, $d_{oo}$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $times$

  Repeat Problem 61 assuming that the final image is hx84k(s1pnxt located 25 $cm$ from the eyepiece (near point of a normal eye). $d_{oo}$ =    cm   $times$

  The eyepiece of a compound microscope has a focal length of 2.70 dad9ap cd: 2k;w/ -6bgud s6zy$cm$, and the objective lens has $f=0.740\mathrm{~cm}$. If an object is placed 0.790 $cm$ from the objective lens, calculate
(a) the distance between the lenses when the microscope is adjusted for a relaxed eye, $l$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $\times$

  An achromatic lens is made o 82hp*taxxz;k f two very thin lenses, placed in contact, that have focal lent2 h8xakz*x;pgths of $f_1=-28\mathrm{~cm}$ and $f_2=+23\mathrm{~$cm$}.$
(a) Is the combination converging or diverging?  ----待选择----convergingdiverging 
(b) What is the net focal length?    m

  Let’s examine spherical aberration in a particular situation. A planoconvex lr y8j9x ;lqs8wens of index of refractio9x ;8 qsryjlw8n 1.50 and radius of curvature $R=12.0\mathrm{~$cm$}$ is shown in (Fig. Below). Consider an incoming ray parallel to the principal axis and a height h above it as shown. Determine the distance d, from the flat face of the lens, to where this ray crosses the principal axis if
(a) $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_1$ =    cm
(b) $h=6.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_2$ =    cm
(c) How far apart are these “focal points”? $\Delta d$ =    cm
(d) What is the radius of the “circle of least confusion” produced by the $h=6.0-\mathrm{~$cm$},$ ray at the “focal point” for $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$? r =    cm

  What is the angular resolution limit (degrees) set by diffractzzue3 nc2+l e7mm e) 0fu2,wulion for the 100-in cw)nm,0u z237u m fl2ez+eeul. (254-$cm$ mirror diameter) Mt. Wilson telescope ($\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}$)?   $ \times10^{ -5}\;^{\circ}$

  Suppose that you wish to construct a telescope that can resolve feadt4 h kfoe0a 2utnzosjn)8-0 -tures 7.0 $km$ across on the Moon, 384,000 $km$ away. You have a 2.0-$m$-focal-length objective lens whose diameter is 11.0 $cm$.
What focal-length eyepiece is needed if your eye can resolve objects 0.10 $mm$ apart at a distance of 25 $cm$? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the resolution limit (radians) set by the size of the objective lens (that is, by diffraction)?
Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ $\theta$   $ \times10^{ -6}\;rad$

  The normal lens on a 35-mm camera has a focal i+d+*u9 d0d ckql, catlength of 50.0 $mm$. Its aperture diameter varies from a maximum of 25 $mm$ $(f/2)$ to a minimum of 3.0 mm $(f/16)$. Determine the resolution limit set by diffraction for $f/2$ and $f/16$. Specify as the number of lines per millimeter resolved on the film. Take $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$
For $\frac{f}{2}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm
For $\frac{f}{16}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm

  Two stars 15 light-years away are barely r4 ud5* o+; a-0sdtjal/zfagucesolved by a 55-$cm$ (mirror diameter) telescope. How far apart are the stars? Assume $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ and that the resolution is limited by diffraction.   $ \times10^{11 }\;m$

  (a) How far away can a human eye distinguish0 jsavsmd- ,9b two car headlights 2.0 $m$ apart? Consider only diffraction effects and assume an eye pupil diameter of 5.0 $mm$ and a wavelength of 550 $nm$.
L =    km
(b) What is the minimum angular separation an eye could resolve when viewing two stars, considering only diffraction effects? In reality, it is about of arc. Why is it not equal to your answer in (b)? $\theta$ =    $\times 10^{-3}$ $^{\circ}$

  The Earth and Moon are separated by aboukr +4b8skl,) ;28rd;efzo7voorx6ih v 2v q bgt $400\times10^6\mathrm{~m.}$ When Mars is $8\times10^{10}\mathrm{~m}$ from Earth, could a person standing on Mars resolve the Earth and its Moon as two separate objects without a telescope? Assume a pupil diameter of 5 $mm$ and $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$  ----待选择----yesno 

  X-rays of wavelength 0.133 nm fall d;8,l2o qrm k 5kh5ppoon a crystal whose atoms, lying in planes, ar, r;o2o5k p kldpm85hqe spaced 0.280 $nm$ apart. At what angle \phi (relative to the surface, Fig. Below) must the X-rays be directed if the first diffraction maximum is to be observed? $\phi $ =    $^{\circ}\,$

  X-rays of wavelength 0.09:,16ugsoeex1 8 zts-cr(4afleq os *l73 nm are directed at an unknown crystal. The second diffraction maximum is ls:xz1farc e1(su- 6*eeqoto 4sl8 ,grecorded when the X-rays are directed at an angle of $\mathrm{23.4°}$ relative to the crystal surface. What is the spacing between crystal planes? d =    nm

  First-order Bragg dif68b l,s5whpo /amzqt8fraction is observed at $\mathrm{25.2°}$ related to the crystal surface, with spacing between atoms of 0.24 $nm$.
(a) At what angle will second order be observed? $\phi_2 $=    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) What is the wavelength of the X-rays? $\lambda $ =    nm

  (a) Suppose for a conventional X-ray image that t:brg z;(k ;pzhhe X-ray beam consists of parallel rays. What;z; (p:bzrkgh would be the magnification of the image? a the magnification is   
(b) Suppose, instead, the X-rays come from a point source (as in Fig. Below) that is 15 $cm$ in front of a human body 25 $cm$ thick, and the film is pressed against the person’s back. Determine and discuss the range of magnifications that results. $m_1$ =    the magnification is  

  Sam purchases $+3.50-diopter$ eyeglasses which correct his faulty vision to put his near point at 25 $cm$. (Assume he wears the lenses 2.0 $cm$ from his eyes.)
(a) Calculate the focal length of Sam’s glasses.    cm
(b) Calculate Sam’s near point without glasses. his near point is    cm
(c) Pam, who has normal eyes with near point at 25 $cm$, puts on Sam’s glasses. Calculate Pam’s near point with Sam’s glasses on.    cm from her eyes

  As early morning passedrr6( iz5.l :f3e- 9vq avbbqzv toward midday, and the sunlight got more intense, a photographer noted that, if she kept her shutter speed constant, she had t.6 v9z -q5z:b 3fl qaibvrv(reo change the $f$-number from $f/5.6$ to $f/22$. By what factor had the sunlight intensity increased during that time? $I_2$ =    $I_1$

Show that for objects very far ac fwm6zi+f bew1;86oyway (assume infinity), the magnification of a camera lens is proportional to its focal 8;fyb6ice o mzw+w6f1 length.

  For a camera equippecrvwgid3(gr6q 3 0z 9jd with a 50-$mm$-focal-length lens, what is the object distance if the image height equals the object height? How far is the object from the film?
$d_o$ =    mm
d =    mm

  A woman can see clearly with her right eye;ek: ;uobgkw:;yzdusl -y ; 4p only when objects are between 45 $cm$ and 155 $cm$ away. Prescription bifocals should have what powers so that she can see distant objects clearly (upper part) and be able to read a book 25 $cm$ away (lower part) with her right eye? Assume that the glasses will be 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
$P_1$ =    D(upper part)
$P_2$ =    D(lower part)

  A child has a near point of 15 pjr0 4rcqhsk jcf7z6/iw0o). $cm$. What is the maximum magnification the child can obtain using an 8.0-$cm$-focal-length magnifier? What magnification can a normal eye obtain with the same lens? Which person sees more detail?
$M_1$ =    $\times$
$M_2$ =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying z ,nf9 + szbq4s3:mqrypower of a $+4.0-D$ lens used as a magnifier? Assume a relaxed normal eye. $M$ =    $\times$

  A physicist lost in the mountains tries to make a telescope using the lenses fs3h)t6gi*n mwuhsl 15rom his reading l tm 1n6sus*5h3 i)hgwglasses. They have powers of $+2.0-D$ and $+4.0-D$, respectively.
(a) What maximum magnification telescope is possible? $M$ =    $\times$
(b) Which lens should be used as the eyepiece?    D

  A 50-year-old man uses 1rq uf05w; bwe$+2.5-diopter$ lenses to read a newspaper 25 $cm$ away. Ten years later, he must hold the paper 35 $cm$ away to see clearly with the same lenses. What power lenses does he need now in order to hold the paper 25 $cm$ away? (Distances are measured from the lens.) $P_2$ = +    D

  Spy planes fly at extremely high altit;jsg5z1k2odej )gzo8 udes (25 $km$) to avoid interception. Their cameras are reportedly able to discern features as small as 5 $cm$. What must be the minimum aperture of the camera lens to afford this resolution? (Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$)D =    cm

When shooting pictures at nfp6n ;6m)carvery short distances, exposure times must be increased because of the increased dista) cmp6;afnnr 6nce of the lens from the film for a focused image.
(a) Show that when the object is so close to the camera that the image height equals the object height, the exposure time must be four times longer (or 2 f-stops) than when the object is a long distance away (say, $$\infty), given the same illumination and f-stop.
(b) Show that if $d_o$ is at least four or five times the focal length f of the lens, the exposure time is increased by less than half an f-stop relative to the same object being a great distance away.

  The objective lens and the eyepiece of a telescope ar cz9tws5 v4)+c,9mg)rsdktg se spaced 85 $cm$ apart. If the eyepiece is $+23$ diopters, what is the total magnification of the telescope? $M$ =    $\times$

  The Hubble Space Telescope, wi9w1jgwul vsmsqh;s9(k9)qi p/x6.vjth an objective diameter of 2.4 m, is viewing the Moon. Estimate the minimum distance between two objects on the Moon that the Hubble can distinguish. Consider diffraction of light of wavelength 550 nm. Assume the Hubble is near the Earth6hi ;.vs/)9 ujgwmlpsv9 sk(wq 9x1qj .    m

  Two converging lenseer30rjr wahhg0wx.nnp07s,j xpv;) 2 s, one with $f=4.0\mathrm{~cm}$ and the other with $f=44\mathrm{~cm}$ are made into a telescope.
(a) What are the length and magnification? Which lens should be the eyepiece?
The distance between the two lenses is   cm
M =    $\times $
f =    cm
(b) Assume these lenses are now combined to make a microscope; if the magnification needs to be $25\times,$ how long would the microscope be?    cm

  An astronomical telescoa 6oepo.f4ii 025th9ddaaa j0 pe has a magnification of 8.0. If the two lenses are 28 $cm$ apart, determine the focal length of each lens.
The focal length of the eyepiece lens is    cm
The focal length of the objective lens is    cm

  You want to design a spy satel6e i:33m0ulx -upd(gnd pa9gtlite to photograph license plate numbers. Assuming it is ntpxue:ugla-mi 9p 3d ng6(d 03ecessary to resolve points separated by 5 $cm$ with 550-$nm$ light, and that the satellite orbits at a height of 130 $km$, what minimum lens aperture (diameter) is required? D =    m

  A Lucite planoconvex lens (Fig. Below) has one flac uoa5/68bfqi t surface and the other has $R=18.4\mathrm{~cm}.$ This lens is used to view an object, located 66.0 $cm$ away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? $d_{i\,red}$ =    cm
$d_{i\,orange}$ =    cm