Why is the depth of fiel-lx*u vkw4w4 bd greater, and the image sharper, when a camera lens is “stopped down” to a largkwb -v4u*lw4x er f-number? Ignore diffraction.

Describe how diffractior-d-6u or.j j6us uhb n1,w2bpn affects the statement that the depth of field is greater and the image sharper when auphbb d -su.1rjjnw 26uo,-r6 camera lens is “stopped down” to a larger f-number.

Why must a camera lens be moved farther from hd2y8ge 3u*va j0zd1o7tfi2 zthe film to focus on a closer objec2zetday3ojd0f8i*vh g 21zu7t?

Why are bifocals needed mainly by older persons and not gen+ ol5d.ljw(ybmqhccwe 7f 9 2,erally by younger peopc wce jf9wqd l+o(lh7.y5m,b2le?

  Will a nearsighted person who vj:e35 1kz:zvsomlf4iti h( 1wears corrective lenses in her glasses be able to see clejzk zfleh1tv1oms:i(v 4i:35arly underwater when wearing those glasses?  ----待选择----yesno Use a diagram to show why or why not.

You can tell whether a person 8s x,fko/pxium2;, jd is nearsighted or farsighted by looking at the width of the face through their glasses. If the person’s face appears npmxi ,sjodfk/8; xu ,2arrower through the glasses (Fig. Below), is the person farsighted or nearsighted?

In attempting to discern distant details, people will sometimes squint.yboypu k- 5c)a/0/axo Why does )y ax/0/uaopc5o- yk bthis help?

Is the image formed on the retina of the human eye upright or in*c sg/pn0tc(8yquu gx 040o lpverted? Discuss the implications of this for our perception of obj8 (4tyocn 0 c/*lpqups xgg00uects.

The human eye is much like a camera — b6)f) ieovrfmb 0v.hzx 8;6fr07ppfh yet, when a camera shutter is left open and the camera is moved, the image will be blurred; but when you move your head with your eyes op7 pv z0)rfb6vfh8;r 0 mo.hb6ipxfef) en, you still see clearly. Explain.

  Reading glasses use converging lenses. A sim+7k7g* kvn- fpet4,st p nv: g63fbiyqple magnifier is also a converging lens. Are readingke pkv7q-4f37 b,*iv fntgsytg6p:+n glasses therefore magnifiers? ----待选择----yesno  Discuss the similarities and differences between converging lenses as used for these two different purposes.

Inexpensive microscopes for children’s use usually prod7w5h avlj e2v8 -,lhzluce images that are colored at the z8vl v7l,hlh2aw-5 ejedges. Why?

Spherical aberration in a thin lens is minimized j1 puac 9*hq l.9+xqodq v.g1nif rays are bent equally by the two surfaces. If a planoconvex lens is used to form a real image of an object at infinity, which surface should face the object? Use ray diagrams to squ1l vjgp.9o+chq 1a* q.9dx nhow why.

Which aberrations present in a simple lens arm0z7pkg0 3 v;q f3vzxse not present (or are greatly reduced) in theq sz7 30k xmz3g0vv;pf human eye?

Explain why chromatic aberration occurs mwxs1: fg tq1.d 3sk y 3w,x:lz;mtip)for thin lenses but not for mirrors.

  By what factor can you improve resolution, other things b 9ad9znlkbs/qc l 21f0yt31 qgeing equal, if you use / 9qdsc9n0kl1 q1 gtay b3l2fzblue light ($\lambda=450mm$) rather than red (700 $nm$)?  

Give at least two advantages for the use of large reflectin2k9i7cefqh)o s+qd.pj1de l1 g mirrors in astronomical telescopes.elhfdj)k .s+q211pce i7 o9qd

Which color of visible light would give the best resolution 04/g+g89wd kkjcak zpin a microscope? Explagd k8k4 wpz+g9/j k0acin.

  Atoms have diameters of about kb 4 (ti/ )j.x7gpoqkx$10^{-8}\,$cm$. Can visible light be used to “see” an atom? ----待选择----yesno  Explain.

  A 55-mm-focal-length lens has f-stops ra0 a +cb 5boj5nb-txvc/nging from $f/1.4$ to $f/22$. What is the corresponding range of lens diaphragm diameters?    $\mathrm{mm}\leq D\leq$    $\mathrm{mm}$

  A television camera lens has a-jdpq gc4 j:n/ 14-$cm$ focal length and a lens diameter of 6.0 $cm$. What is its $f$-number? $f$/  

  A light meter reports that a camewi n1ywf*wqh6xs 2oj cz7s17y2- .rsgra setting of $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/5.6$ will give a correct exposure. But the photographer wishes to use $f/11$ to increase the depth of field. What should the shutter speed be?$t_2$ = 1/   s

  A properly exposed photogu+ bikj8x8:. l2iye ss4iox+w raph is taken at $f/16$ and $\frac{1}{60}\,s$ What lens opening would be required if the shutter speed were $\frac{1}{1000}\,s$? $f$/  

  If an $f$ = 135-mm telephoto lens is designed to cover object distances from 1.2 m to $\infty $, over what distance must the lens move relative to the plane of the film?    mm

  A 200-mm-focal-length leu0 *+kwpc7g /t :uceumns can be adjusted so that it is 200.0 mm to 206.0 mm from the film. For what range of object distances can it 7 ce/tp*g+ c0mkwuu u:be adjusted?    $\mathrm{m}\leq d_{\circ}\leq\infty$

  A nature photographer wishes to phoklc85ev.s8 bctograph a 28-mtall tree from a distance of 58 m. What focal-length lens should be used if the image is to fill the 24-mm he5kcv88.scl be ight of the film?    mm

A “pinhole” camera uses a tiny pinhole instead of a lens. Show, using ray+fybwn c4b7zg8)nvr o678kz o diagrams, how reasonably sharp images can be formed using such a pinhole camera. In particular, consider two point f 47 wk6z cbb)no8ovn78zr+gy objects 2.0 $cm$ apart that are 1.0 m from a 1.0-mm-diameter pinhole. Show that on a piece of film 7.0 $cm$ behind the pinhole the two objects produce two separate circles that do not overlap.

  Suppose that a correcws(xbf ne .05xt exposure is $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/11$ Under the same conditions, what exposure time would be needed for a pinhole camera (Problem 8) if the pinhole diameter is 1.0 mm and the film is 7.0 $cm$ from the hole? $t_2$ = 1/   s

  A human eyeball is about 2.0g 3-o4bre) nhxm.bxe8 $cm$ long, and the pupil has a maximum diameter of about 8.0 mm. What is the “speed” of this lens? $ f-stop$ = f/  

  If the nearsighted person in Example 25–6 wore contact lenses corrected fod:skl;)qsfnm,l g4q7 0ug vy3r the far poin4:u)sl3dsl ;y qgk7qgmv, n0ft $(=\,\infty)$ show that the near point would be 41 $cm$. (Would glasses be better in this case?) glasses would be  ----待选择----betterworse 

  Reading glasses of what power are needed for a person3 pua g,du1z8.ohfw 6d whose near point is 115 $cm$, so that he can read a computer screen at 55 $cm$? Assume a lens–eye distance of 1.8 $cm$.+    D

  A person has a far point of 14 ymef 0+9+j xgf$cm$. What power glasses would correct this vision if the glasses were placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye?    What power contact lenses, placed on the eye, would the person need?   

  A person struggles to read by holding a book at arm’s ly/ r k8a8rsanb92r8k oength, a distance of 45 $cm$ away (= near point). What power of reading glasses should be prescribed for him, assuming they will be placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye and he wants to read at the normal near point of 25 $cm$? +    D

  A person’s left eye is cor3 ur8sw(7cvsixc.lt+ rected by a $-3.50-diopter$ lens, 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
(a) Is this person’s left eye near- or farsighted?  ----待选择----nearsightedfarsighted 
(b) What is this eye’s far point without glasses?    cm

  A person’s right eye can see objects clearly only if they ar20 v 5su(9lk6ztei edae between 25 $cm$ and 75 $cm$ away.
(a) What power of contact lens is required so that objects far away are sharp? -    D
(b) What will be the near point with the lens in place?    cm

  About how much longer is the nearsighted eye in Example 25–6 than yv9p8wm)mx8 5 9hjuex the 2.0 $cm$ of a normal eye?    cm

  One lens of a nearsighted person’s eyeglasses has a focal leng g1ex ;0ycl- +cqh1s5b ey,n/ri.b fjmth of $-22.0 \, cm$ and the lens is 1.8 $cm$ from the eye. If the person switches to contact lenses that are placed directly on the eye, what should be the focal length of the corresponding contact lens?    cm

  What is the focal length of thchs z v,)qj0vese 51m5e eye–lens system when viewing an object
(a) at infinity,    cm
(b) 33 $cm$ from the eye? Assume that the lens–retina distance is 2.0 $cm$.   cm

  A nearsighted person has near and far points of 10.0 anux.bgjhjr nfo1l y : l.*90zq2d 20.0 $cm$, respectively. If she puts on contact lenses with power $P\,=\,-4.00D$, what are her new near and far points?
near point    cm
far point    cm

  What is the magnification of a lens used with a relaxed eud)wb7 ogoh9 1r );bgo.nv cm8ye if its focal length omrgu;gw1 hc8o9b. o7)vb) dnis 12 $cm$? =    $\times$

  What is the focal length of a maj* ji90 xa5 -j7dfsinegnifying glass of $3.5\times$ magnification for a relaxed normal eye?    cm

  A magnifier is rated a/at0 nmb/a d:g3aejo+t $2.5\times$for a normal eye focusing on an image at the near point.
(a) What is its focal length?    cm
(b) What is its focal length if the $2.5\times$ refers to a relaxed eye?    cm

  Sherlock Holmes is using a 9.00-h d9e2gvklv 7 rea3nf)o-u8a7 $cm$-focal-length lens as his magnifying glass. To obtain maximum magnification, where must the object be placed (assume a normal eye), and what will be the magnification?
$d_o$ =    cm from the lens
M =    $\times$

  A 3.30-mm-wide beetle is viewed with a 9.50kwm yql(+4 mm1-$cm$-focal-length lens. A normal eye views the image at its near point. Calculate
(a) the angular magnification, =    $\times$
(b) the width of the image,    mm
(c) the object distance from the lens.    cm from the lens

  A small insect is placed 4fy tg,y e qj-6.gkpm4pz a;yd7o;i 6f5.55 $cm$ from a $+6.00-$cm$-focal-length$ lens. Calculate
(a) the position of the image,    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass with a focal leng4kv 2jvqurc3)jx26; dab7pzxth of 8.5 $cm$ is used to read print placed at a distance of 7.5 $cm$. Calculate
(a) the position of the image;    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass is rate 8mdzse29q0f:0,uw o oyp w hbf6sdc2*d at $3.0\times$ for a normal eye that is relaxed. What would be the magnification of this lens for a relaxed eye whose near point is
(a) 55 $cm$, =    $\times$
(b) 16 $cm$? Explain the differences. =    $\times$

  What is the magnification of an astronomical telescope wh:76w yguyk rla:2t:7nblw+ u fose objective lens has a focal length:l7yfl:y6 u +wuk :artgwn 2b7 of 76 $cm$ and whose eyepiece has a focal length of 2.8 $cm$? What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for a relaxed eye?
M =    $\times$
L =    $\times$

  The overall magnification of an astronomical tel(e4+vj( wpru vescope is desired to be 25$\times$. If an objective of 78$-cm$ focal length is used,
what must be the focal length of the eyepiece? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for use by the relaxed eye? L =    cm

  An 8.0$\times$ binocular has 2.8$-$cm$-focal-length$ eyepieces. What is the focal length of the objective lenses?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has an objective with focal len hlvz4ktnca y-:0 .2mvgth 85 $cm$ and a $+35-D$ eyepiece. What is the total magnification? =    $\times$

  An astronomical telescope has its two lenses spaced 75.2 7ajs p-o9h,x1o rpl4)qp hz5p$cm$ apart. If the objective lens has a focal length of 74.5 $cm$, what is the magnification of this telescope? Assume a relaxed eye. =    $\times$

  A Galilean telescope adjusted for a relaxed w eykh*8 l;3xveye is 32.8 $cm$ long. If the objective lens has a focal length of 36.0 $cm$, what is the magnification? =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying power of an astronomical telescope using a reflectiy:03 -yf0wd;yqfn;wzy x u)nlng mirror whose radius of curvature is 6.wx0 -uy nf nzy;yf;)qwy :3ld00 $m$ and an eyepiece whose focal length is 3.2 $cm$? =    $\times$

  The Moon’s image appears to be magnified 12+.7jhzibrw cc:8ia) fe+8jf c0$\times$ by a reflecting astronomical telescope with an eyepiece having a focal length of 3.2 $cm$. What are the focal length and radius of curvature of the main (objective) mirror? M =    m r =    m

  A 170$\times$ astronomical telescope is adjusted for a relaxed eye when the two lenses are 1.25 m apart. What is the focal length of each lens?
$f_e$ =    mm
$f_o$ =    m

  A reflecting telescope (Fi)jea7x akn 0:7ojnsj0bxj -x-; 8mlqu g. Below) has a radius of curvature of 3.0 m for its objective mirror 7k ojxabmnas-qj n0 j)lu7x 8 x:-e0;jand a radius of curvature of $-1.50m$ for its eyepiece mirror. If the distance between the two mirrors is 0.90 m, how far in front of the eyepiece should you place the photographic film to record the image of a star? $d_{2i}$ =    m

  A microscope uses an 3v2 6 ns)kp klmsbt;h9eyepiece with a focal length of 1.40 $cm$. Using a normal eye with a final image at infinity, the tube length is 17.5 $cm$ and the focal length of the objective lens is 0.65 $cm$. What is the magnification of the microscope? =    $\times$

  A 620 $\times$ microscope uses a 0.40-$cm$-focal-length objective lens. If the tube length is 17.5 $cm$, what is the focal length of the eyepiece? Assume a normal eye and that the final image is at infinity. $f_e$ =    cm

  A 17-$cm$-long microscope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5 $cm$ and an objective with a focal length of 0.28 $cm$. What is the approximate magnification?    $times$

  A microscope has a 12s-+hf zw o.y :w8w:wxv.0$times$ eyepiece and a 59.0$times$ objective lens 20.0 $cm$ apart. Calculate
(a) the total magnification,    $times$
(b) the focal length of each lens, $f_e$ =    cm $f_o$ =    cm
(c) where the object must be for a normal relaxed eye to see it in focus. $d_o$ =    cm

  A microscope has a 1.8- hvsvq8 ;2ca -8k8vkie$cm$-focal-length eyepiece and a 0.80-$cm$ objective lens. Assuming a relaxed normal eye, calculate
(a) the position of the object if the distance between the lenses is 16.0 $cm$, $d_{oo}$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $times$

  Repeat Problem 61 assuming that the final image is loc-o lud3n ,pin6 feyg34x/t t9tated 25 $cm$ from the eyepiece (near point of a normal eye). $d_{oo}$ =    cm   $times$

  The eyepiece of a compound mkr7idyy6m - 65dvf )ieicroscope has a focal length of 2.70 $cm$, and the objective lens has $f=0.740\mathrm{~cm}$. If an object is placed 0.790 $cm$ from the objective lens, calculate
(a) the distance between the lenses when the microscope is adjusted for a relaxed eye, $l$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $\times$

  An achromatic lens is made of two very thin lense :z7k/evsvtn*t;2 v bm:p+w8l l eyzd/s, placed in contact, that have focal lengths weylt: zlkent2+zm / vb8 /v7*;p sdv:of $f_1=-28\mathrm{~cm}$ and $f_2=+23\mathrm{~$cm$}.$
(a) Is the combination converging or diverging?  ----待选择----convergingdiverging 
(b) What is the net focal length?    m

  Let’s examine spherical aberration in a particul r4 7 zs+1e/l3zm8yovkrrl/jear situation. A planoconvex lens of index of rr 4s le1/+ e/r73j8mz olzkyvrefraction 1.50 and radius of curvature $R=12.0\mathrm{~$cm$}$ is shown in (Fig. Below). Consider an incoming ray parallel to the principal axis and a height h above it as shown. Determine the distance d, from the flat face of the lens, to where this ray crosses the principal axis if
(a) $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_1$ =    cm
(b) $h=6.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_2$ =    cm
(c) How far apart are these “focal points”? $\Delta d$ =    cm
(d) What is the radius of the “circle of least confusion” produced by the $h=6.0-\mathrm{~$cm$},$ ray at the “focal point” for $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$? r =    cm

  What is the angular resolution limit (degrees) set by diffraction for the 1.qnpnrn w :+*s00-innp* snn :.wqr+. (254-$cm$ mirror diameter) Mt. Wilson telescope ($\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}$)?   $ \times10^{ -5}\;^{\circ}$

  Suppose that you wish to construct a telescope that can bwnfnjj y( bu;x*8a ,2resolve features 7.0 $km$ across on the Moon, 384,000 $km$ away. You have a 2.0-$m$-focal-length objective lens whose diameter is 11.0 $cm$.
What focal-length eyepiece is needed if your eye can resolve objects 0.10 $mm$ apart at a distance of 25 $cm$? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the resolution limit (radians) set by the size of the objective lens (that is, by diffraction)?
Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ $\theta$   $ \times10^{ -6}\;rad$

  The normal lens on a co6 wg* xl0gar* lcz(10y yi*bkw+1bb 35-mm camera has a focal length of 50.0 $mm$. Its aperture diameter varies from a maximum of 25 $mm$ $(f/2)$ to a minimum of 3.0 mm $(f/16)$. Determine the resolution limit set by diffraction for $f/2$ and $f/16$. Specify as the number of lines per millimeter resolved on the film. Take $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$
For $\frac{f}{2}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm
For $\frac{f}{16}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm

  Two stars 15 light-years away are barelz9skm3ho/c 4hto)e +n 4tu4twy resolved by a 55-$cm$ (mirror diameter) telescope. How far apart are the stars? Assume $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ and that the resolution is limited by diffraction.   $ \times10^{11 }\;m$

  (a) How far away can a human eye disk; 3cvx0pcu rr9o(fy/ tinguish two car headlights 2.0 $m$ apart? Consider only diffraction effects and assume an eye pupil diameter of 5.0 $mm$ and a wavelength of 550 $nm$.
L =    km
(b) What is the minimum angular separation an eye could resolve when viewing two stars, considering only diffraction effects? In reality, it is about of arc. Why is it not equal to your answer in (b)? $\theta$ =    $\times 10^{-3}$ $^{\circ}$

  The Earth and Moon are separated by*51lakm qm*jua l9ujnk/-1 9b jchti- about $400\times10^6\mathrm{~m.}$ When Mars is $8\times10^{10}\mathrm{~m}$ from Earth, could a person standing on Mars resolve the Earth and its Moon as two separate objects without a telescope? Assume a pupil diameter of 5 $mm$ and $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$  ----待选择----yesno 

  X-rays of wavelength 0.133 nm fall on ark9)og c-nz3 j oxxx1:oxq-5r crystal whose atoms, lying in planes, are spaced 0.28j:nxk3x9 1-o oq xx) g5zrc-ro0 $nm$ apart. At what angle \phi (relative to the surface, Fig. Below) must the X-rays be directed if the first diffraction maximum is to be observed? $\phi $ =    $^{\circ}\,$

  X-rays of wavelength 0.0973 nm are directed at an unknown crystau7 jsvzlt : 5r,,wgf-h6qfap3*y bp; ol. The second diffract5 lbr y j ;hfsvo:gtaqp-pz 7w*6,,3fuion maximum is recorded when the X-rays are directed at an angle of $\mathrm{23.4°}$ relative to the crystal surface. What is the spacing between crystal planes? d =    nm

  First-order Bragg diffraction is observed aowofp1.8 e4+xiq v 0bibd2. pi;cru4s t $\mathrm{25.2°}$ related to the crystal surface, with spacing between atoms of 0.24 $nm$.
(a) At what angle will second order be observed? $\phi_2 $=    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) What is the wavelength of the X-rays? $\lambda $ =    nm

  (a) Suppose for a con72/vsv aku7 hfzl),lnventional X-ray image that the X-ray beam consists of parallel rays. What would be the magnification of the image? a the l,s f2nk7z/)h7vvu l amagnification is   
(b) Suppose, instead, the X-rays come from a point source (as in Fig. Below) that is 15 $cm$ in front of a human body 25 $cm$ thick, and the film is pressed against the person’s back. Determine and discuss the range of magnifications that results. $m_1$ =    the magnification is  

  Sam purchases $+3.50-diopter$ eyeglasses which correct his faulty vision to put his near point at 25 $cm$. (Assume he wears the lenses 2.0 $cm$ from his eyes.)
(a) Calculate the focal length of Sam’s glasses.    cm
(b) Calculate Sam’s near point without glasses. his near point is    cm
(c) Pam, who has normal eyes with near point at 25 $cm$, puts on Sam’s glasses. Calculate Pam’s near point with Sam’s glasses on.    cm from her eyes

  As early morning passed toward midday, and the sunlight got more (6 i+ ge(ymnivintense, a photograph6e y+i(ngm(vier noted that, if she kept her shutter speed constant, she had to change the $f$-number from $f/5.6$ to $f/22$. By what factor had the sunlight intensity increased during that time? $I_2$ =    $I_1$

Show that for objects very far away (assume infinity), the magnification of a ca rommb*5/ za 3;ugi wkb2y(bn2mera lens is proportional to its foca52un2 m;oby*3zb agwmik/ r b(l length.

  For a camera equipped 8*djo bv7vr8zzr1+r +8jw abwwith a 50-$mm$-focal-length lens, what is the object distance if the image height equals the object height? How far is the object from the film?
$d_o$ =    mm
d =    mm

  A woman can see clearly with her right eye onlykx*xzt;n+n ho)e 98f y when objects are between 45 $cm$ and 155 $cm$ away. Prescription bifocals should have what powers so that she can see distant objects clearly (upper part) and be able to read a book 25 $cm$ away (lower part) with her right eye? Assume that the glasses will be 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
$P_1$ =    D(upper part)
$P_2$ =    D(lower part)

  A child has a near point z b77 ygwysj+:ecx-d98 rll;k of 15 $cm$. What is the maximum magnification the child can obtain using an 8.0-$cm$-focal-length magnifier? What magnification can a normal eye obtain with the same lens? Which person sees more detail?
$M_1$ =    $\times$
$M_2$ =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying p8;nva at kv0g2ti8y *lower of a $+4.0-D$ lens used as a magnifier? Assume a relaxed normal eye. $M$ =    $\times$

  A physicist lost in the mountainsui pjmst7chdo7b5k gjeoo15v/bn . /v28)t2z tries to make a telescope using the lenses from his reading glasses. v5/hj.mpbsou oc/d2gi7 )1 o e z5t 2njv7b8ktThey have powers of $+2.0-D$ and $+4.0-D$, respectively.
(a) What maximum magnification telescope is possible? $M$ =    $\times$
(b) Which lens should be used as the eyepiece?    D

  A 50-year-old man uses.9abfbc by+b 9 $+2.5-diopter$ lenses to read a newspaper 25 $cm$ away. Ten years later, he must hold the paper 35 $cm$ away to see clearly with the same lenses. What power lenses does he need now in order to hold the paper 25 $cm$ away? (Distances are measured from the lens.) $P_2$ = +    D

  Spy planes fly at extremely u7elz. +yof,u high altitudes (25 $km$) to avoid interception. Their cameras are reportedly able to discern features as small as 5 $cm$. What must be the minimum aperture of the camera lens to afford this resolution? (Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$)D =    cm

When shooting pictures at very short distances/8 rnxsor jh0; 3,m+mbsrgu,so/q2zm , exposure times must be increased because of the increased distance of t/ , mrbm3s,rj nrozhou/+ ; xsq8s02gmhe lens from the film for a focused image.
(a) Show that when the object is so close to the camera that the image height equals the object height, the exposure time must be four times longer (or 2 f-stops) than when the object is a long distance away (say, $$\infty), given the same illumination and f-stop.
(b) Show that if $d_o$ is at least four or five times the focal length f of the lens, the exposure time is increased by less than half an f-stop relative to the same object being a great distance away.

  The objective lens and the eyepiece of a telescope ars qr); p7a:ryne spaced 85 $cm$ apart. If the eyepiece is $+23$ diopters, what is the total magnification of the telescope? $M$ =    $\times$

  The Hubble Space Telescope, with an objective d12ni x47: hlzpzlocn j6,wem0iameter of 2.4 m, is viewing the Moon. Estimate the minimum distance between two objeczwmh 627zp41x cloi ,l:jen n0ts on the Moon that the Hubble can distinguish. Consider diffraction of light of wavelength 550 nm. Assume the Hubble is near the Earth.    m

  Two converging lenses, one wite ji.yucv3a+ // j 4:ou4nkycth $f=4.0\mathrm{~cm}$ and the other with $f=44\mathrm{~cm}$ are made into a telescope.
(a) What are the length and magnification? Which lens should be the eyepiece?
The distance between the two lenses is   cm
M =    $\times $
f =    cm
(b) Assume these lenses are now combined to make a microscope; if the magnification needs to be $25\times,$ how long would the microscope be?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has a magnification 2snu1r(eu3 nd4)n9s3jxw5 sxt6 xn 2qc/khwmof 8.0. If the two lenses are 28 $cm$ apart, determine the focal length of each lens.
The focal length of the eyepiece lens is    cm
The focal length of the objective lens is    cm

  You want to design a spy satellite to photogrypyaykz:92;qt8.h5 a:kpz0hpw l-fkaph license plate numbers. Assuming it is necessary to resw5yz k;8f y29a:0laptykhp . q:p-khzolve points separated by 5 $cm$ with 550-$nm$ light, and that the satellite orbits at a height of 130 $km$, what minimum lens aperture (diameter) is required? D =    m

  A Lucite planoconvex lens a5w 3ui2pul33vempz5 (Fig. Below) has one flat surface and the other has $R=18.4\mathrm{~cm}.$ This lens is used to view an object, located 66.0 $cm$ away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? $d_{i\,red}$ =    cm
$d_{i\,orange}$ =    cm