Why is the depth of field greater,foy62/g r sp epr44l*r and the image sharper, when a camera lens is “stoppg4p r o 642*fr/relysped down” to a larger f-number? Ignore diffraction.

Describe how diffraction affects the statement tha0ak i -acwq4u;w8 */dr ss6dzdr;de1yt the depth of field is greater and the image sharper when a camera lens is “st- 8u;idqcrdaaz6 e /1 s*ykrwsdw d;04opped down” to a larger f-number.

Why must a camera len1j9cixi - s,d*w0mbm es be moved farther from the film to focus on a closer objectc1bjwmm,s d 90 i-x*ie?

Why are bifocals needed mainly byh(8;0n.;ii y l6kh bao6smpvf older persons and not generally by younger people l p6imhk6;v.biasyf8 ho; 0(n?

  Will a nearsighted person who wears corrective lenses in her glass tmflh 9yi0q6/x 0w9xzes be able to see clearly underwater whex ftw/lzqy0 9xh690im n wearing those glasses?  ----待选择----yesno Use a diagram to show why or why not.

You can tell whether a person is nearsighted or f7 t nul8a8d2lrt vtn8:m:ei6larsighted by looking at the width of the face tnemil r 2utlt8:tnl868v :da7 hrough their glasses. If the person’s face appears narrower through the glasses (Fig. Below), is the person farsighted or nearsighted?

In attempting to discern distant details, people will sometimes squint. Wh osiw-a5kk- b(y does this heli 5k skw(o-ab-p?

Is the image formed on the retina of the human eye upright or h 5/ w*ni*syltq46xegd.zhq . inverted? Discuss the implications of this for our perception of obqwdyl. t.gq x/i 5*zn4he*h6sjects.

The human eye is much like a camera — yet, when a camera shui onez6-kr4 :8 iprnza0)8p citter is left open and the camera is moved, the image will be blurred; but when you move your head with your eyes open, you still see cleinr pc pik-4nei:8 z6o8zr0a) arly. Explain.

  Reading glasses use converging lenses. A simple mq lc21xbd-pi/ia/ b/ sagnifier is also a converging lens. Are reading glasses therefore maqpi/ia 2lbc-d/s b1 x/gnifiers? ----待选择----yesno  Discuss the similarities and differences between converging lenses as used for these two different purposes.

Inexpensive microscopes for childrjhwtqd9 90 xt7+gtv3r en’s use usually produce images that are colored at thewth9j0tg9 3+r q d7xtv edges. Why?

Spherical aberration in a thin lens vt 2:s9vv.kd4qps*l 2ul 1npi is minimized if rays are bent equally by the two surfacikvl 91tun s*4s2p.vl vq2:pdes. If a planoconvex lens is used to form a real image of an object at infinity, which surface should face the object? Use ray diagrams to show why.

Which aberrations present in qowzca j8c;cj3:r3w 7 a simple lens are not present (or are greatly reduced) in the human cwqa ;wj83:jc73ozc reye?

Explain why chromatic aberration occurs for thin lenses but not for mirrors. zmmxx ; e*l3a*qez xq-a0.e6i

  By what factor can you improve reso)9dbd ft* 3. 7 g3t,hjnehkcrtlution, other things being equal, if you use blue light7kh.rj*hbdg) 3ften dt 9tc3, ($\lambda=450mm$) rather than red (700 $nm$)?  

Give at least two advantages for the use of6+bvj : zk,pcj large reflecting mirrors in astronomical telesco,v bcjj:p6 +zkpes.

Which color of visible light would give the best resolution in a micx*v *znf3 qtc4roscope? Explaiv*4 f3xzcn q*tn.

  Atoms have diameters of aboutc:eb7q 1*df ly3y b 9,ufugm1t $10^{-8}\,$cm$. Can visible light be used to “see” an atom? ----待选择----yesno  Explain.

  A 55-mm-focal-length lens has f-stops ranging fx)7keu v;*l:ejy*sdxd q/r0 prom $f/1.4$ to $f/22$. What is the corresponding range of lens diaphragm diameters?    $\mathrm{mm}\leq D\leq$    $\mathrm{mm}$

  A television camera l w:9c a9f2iyld*g y1qcens has a 14-$cm$ focal length and a lens diameter of 6.0 $cm$. What is its $f$-number? $f$/  

  A light meter reports that a camera settiv:fx rtxyx8p 63 ix1x.ng of $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/5.6$ will give a correct exposure. But the photographer wishes to use $f/11$ to increase the depth of field. What should the shutter speed be?$t_2$ = 1/   s

  A properly exposed photogrif, i6 ;skioa*/b va()-suxutaph is taken at $f/16$ and $\frac{1}{60}\,s$ What lens opening would be required if the shutter speed were $\frac{1}{1000}\,s$? $f$/  

  If an $f$ = 135-mm telephoto lens is designed to cover object distances from 1.2 m to $\infty $, over what distance must the lens move relative to the plane of the film?    mm

  A 200-mm-focal-length lens can be adjusted so that it is 200.0 mm1sf fygkc(goxxr5+x k04 25 rw to 206.0 mm from the film. For what xyk(5 5rwfx+x gkgrscfo2014range of object distances can it be adjusted?    $\mathrm{m}\leq d_{\circ}\leq\infty$

  A nature photographer wishes to photograph a 28-mtall tqmur2;,d) fb0; l- vaz;n antcree from a distance of 58 m. What focal-length lens , n dvn;tal2buf;c;0) -zrmqashould be used if the image is to fill the 24-mm height of the film?    mm

A “pinhole” camera uses a tiny pinhole instead of a lens. o1o,*qc 3 ho kr*ivgo1Show, using ray diagrams, h, o*o*ic1o1hor q k3vgow reasonably sharp images can be formed using such a pinhole camera. In particular, consider two point objects 2.0 $cm$ apart that are 1.0 m from a 1.0-mm-diameter pinhole. Show that on a piece of film 7.0 $cm$ behind the pinhole the two objects produce two separate circles that do not overlap.

  Suppose that a correct exposure is fvkfozqz.r* b ; ay5yz4 u(1*h$\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/11$ Under the same conditions, what exposure time would be needed for a pinhole camera (Problem 8) if the pinhole diameter is 1.0 mm and the film is 7.0 $cm$ from the hole? $t_2$ = 1/   s

  A human eyeball is about 2.0p*8lw8 hacd. mt2fkb7*sy5z8 g3b izw $cm$ long, and the pupil has a maximum diameter of about 8.0 mm. What is the “speed” of this lens? $ f-stop$ = f/  

  If the nearsighted person in Exaoi 42z +;pcvtemple 25–6 wore contact lenses corrected for the f4i2 ezpo v+c;tar point $(=\,\infty)$ show that the near point would be 41 $cm$. (Would glasses be better in this case?) glasses would be  ----待选择----betterworse 

  Reading glasses of what power are needed for a person whose near point 7umo2h -a 32mnhjls, h6m,tp wis 115 $cm$, so that he can read a computer screen at 55 $cm$? Assume a lens–eye distance of 1.8 $cm$.+    D

  A person has a far pohpbr(sa ,165 ;nj g/av3nvd woint of 14 $cm$. What power glasses would correct this vision if the glasses were placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye?    What power contact lenses, placed on the eye, would the person need?   

  A person struggles to read by holding a book at arm’s length, a distance9nx for(+b shk:.i/yw of 45 $cm$ away (= near point). What power of reading glasses should be prescribed for him, assuming they will be placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye and he wants to read at the normal near point of 25 $cm$? +    D

  A person’s left eye is corrected bygb6p/wun(kc : a $-3.50-diopter$ lens, 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
(a) Is this person’s left eye near- or farsighted?  ----待选择----nearsightedfarsighted 
(b) What is this eye’s far point without glasses?    cm

  A person’s right eye can see zan,v:j5jv1mt, l v4fobjects clearly only if they are between 25 $cm$ and 75 $cm$ away.
(a) What power of contact lens is required so that objects far away are sharp? -    D
(b) What will be the near point with the lens in place?    cm

  About how much longer is the nearsighted eye in Example 8-wd9 i0w tkpo25–6 than the 2.0 $cm$ of a normal eye?    cm

  One lens of a nearsighted person’s eyeglasses has a fo(g6)/ie+zi/ q;svg2f coo xhfcal length of $-22.0 \, cm$ and the lens is 1.8 $cm$ from the eye. If the person switches to contact lenses that are placed directly on the eye, what should be the focal length of the corresponding contact lens?    cm

  What is the focal length of the eye–lens system when viewb )zga( 2q8zift3 lin/qri t//ing an object
(a) at infinity,    cm
(b) 33 $cm$ from the eye? Assume that the lens–retina distance is 2.0 $cm$.   cm

  A nearsighted person has near and far pon-u 7sloh , vl7ftk25kunsg91ints of 10.0 and 20.0 $cm$, respectively. If she puts on contact lenses with power $P\,=\,-4.00D$, what are her new near and far points?
near point    cm
far point    cm

  What is the magnification of a lens used with a relaxed eye if its focal len) 7, 9gc5x tjdi7tjutzgth is 1xc j5 tdz9j igu7,tt)72 $cm$? =    $\times$

  What is the focal length of a maxb5 bp ksn:0c,riub i48px) z5gnifying glass of $3.5\times$ magnification for a relaxed normal eye?    cm

  A magnifier is rated atr:.i7ny, jxu+k6p6.w/wl0q kp xya hm $2.5\times$for a normal eye focusing on an image at the near point.
(a) What is its focal length?    cm
(b) What is its focal length if the $2.5\times$ refers to a relaxed eye?    cm

  Sherlock Holmes is u *himb4xxxuw. 4x3 r6ysing a 9.00-$cm$-focal-length lens as his magnifying glass. To obtain maximum magnification, where must the object be placed (assume a normal eye), and what will be the magnification?
$d_o$ =    cm from the lens
M =    $\times$

  A 3.30-mm-wide beetle is view)5 5ak-msc:b / wwevf1hgdq +eaa) /pted with a 9.50-$cm$-focal-length lens. A normal eye views the image at its near point. Calculate
(a) the angular magnification, =    $\times$
(b) the width of the image,    mm
(c) the object distance from the lens.    cm from the lens

  A small insect is placed 5.55x5v)3d*t1hb soas k8v $cm$ from a $+6.00-$cm$-focal-length$ lens. Calculate
(a) the position of the image,    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass with a foj-i m7f1zltpgls7 jrajh:.x; d (i*-bcal length of 8.5 $cm$ is used to read print placed at a distance of 7.5 $cm$. Calculate
(a) the position of the image;    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass is r,man0 9 gs+qvmated at $3.0\times$ for a normal eye that is relaxed. What would be the magnification of this lens for a relaxed eye whose near point is
(a) 55 $cm$, =    $\times$
(b) 16 $cm$? Explain the differences. =    $\times$

  What is the magnification of an astronomical telescope whoq,8g5r(u-at r5l zk )pw1yqsgse objective lens has a focal length of 76 yzkg q 1,8 q)5r5wrt(-slpuag $cm$ and whose eyepiece has a focal length of 2.8 $cm$? What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for a relaxed eye?
M =    $\times$
L =    $\times$

  The overall magnification of an astronomical telescope k5 1mrtopyxy4n(oca;0d 8fjs e/-a)v is desired to be 25$\times$. If an objective of 78$-cm$ focal length is used,
what must be the focal length of the eyepiece? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for use by the relaxed eye? L =    cm

  An 8.0$\times$ binocular has 2.8$-$cm$-focal-length$ eyepieces. What is the focal length of the objective lenses?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has an objepqf4y -btch+:pf)m 7u ctive with focal length 85 $cm$ and a $+35-D$ eyepiece. What is the total magnification? =    $\times$

  An astronomical telescope,cp9 wn )nqjz3 has its two lenses spaced 75.2 $cm$ apart. If the objective lens has a focal length of 74.5 $cm$, what is the magnification of this telescope? Assume a relaxed eye. =    $\times$

  A Galilean telescope adjusted for a relaxed eye is 32.8es71 +hpen0)khd d 7kh $cm$ long. If the objective lens has a focal length of 36.0 $cm$, what is the magnification? =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying power of a8aec u a:.-fkzn astronomical telescope using a reflecting mirror whose radi8zf e.c-aaku :us of curvature is 6.0 $m$ and an eyepiece whose focal length is 3.2 $cm$? =    $\times$

  The Moon’s image appears to be 6(i3q8bn(l 4 wky3jx1dq0*d5 yllp fiuhb5fmmagnified 120$\times$ by a reflecting astronomical telescope with an eyepiece having a focal length of 3.2 $cm$. What are the focal length and radius of curvature of the main (objective) mirror? M =    m r =    m

  A 170$\times$ astronomical telescope is adjusted for a relaxed eye when the two lenses are 1.25 m apart. What is the focal length of each lens?
$f_e$ =    mm
$f_o$ =    m

  A reflecting telescope (Fig. Below) has a radius of curvature of kghpd;w ,:i1x7 z7 iio3.0 m for its objective mirror and a radius of curvature1g7k7pdx , :i; owzihi of $-1.50m$ for its eyepiece mirror. If the distance between the two mirrors is 0.90 m, how far in front of the eyepiece should you place the photographic film to record the image of a star? $d_{2i}$ =    m

  A microscope uses an eyepiece cb c3z 2vfv/2.m)jn) bm.qial with a focal length of 1.40 $cm$. Using a normal eye with a final image at infinity, the tube length is 17.5 $cm$ and the focal length of the objective lens is 0.65 $cm$. What is the magnification of the microscope? =    $\times$

  A 620 $\times$ microscope uses a 0.40-$cm$-focal-length objective lens. If the tube length is 17.5 $cm$, what is the focal length of the eyepiece? Assume a normal eye and that the final image is at infinity. $f_e$ =    cm

  A 17-$cm$-long microscope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5 $cm$ and an objective with a focal length of 0.28 $cm$. What is the approximate magnification?    $times$

  A microscope has a 12.0jwp ;8x6j- nqk$times$ eyepiece and a 59.0$times$ objective lens 20.0 $cm$ apart. Calculate
(a) the total magnification,    $times$
(b) the focal length of each lens, $f_e$ =    cm $f_o$ =    cm
(c) where the object must be for a normal relaxed eye to see it in focus. $d_o$ =    cm

  A microscope has a 1.vl:h .c d./tkp8-$cm$-focal-length eyepiece and a 0.80-$cm$ objective lens. Assuming a relaxed normal eye, calculate
(a) the position of the object if the distance between the lenses is 16.0 $cm$, $d_{oo}$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $times$

  Repeat Problem 61 assuming that the final image is locaerz 7 vt2 4d*/w9e:wjwcst/ dsted 25 $cm$ from the eyepiece (near point of a normal eye). $d_{oo}$ =    cm   $times$

  The eyepiece of a compound microsggrri2xuq2- sy0d0 3ncope has a focal length of 2.70 $cm$, and the objective lens has $f=0.740\mathrm{~cm}$. If an object is placed 0.790 $cm$ from the objective lens, calculate
(a) the distance between the lenses when the microscope is adjusted for a relaxed eye, $l$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $\times$

  An achromatic lens is4/ 76qb y xlnf+5tsuxg made of two very thin lenses, placed in contact, that have focal lengths of yfqgxu6t sn+l 4x5/7b $f_1=-28\mathrm{~cm}$ and $f_2=+23\mathrm{~$cm$}.$
(a) Is the combination converging or diverging?  ----待选择----convergingdiverging 
(b) What is the net focal length?    m

  Let’s examine spherical aberration in a particular situation. A planoconvex lenw)q0 1f j-:*;z6z/l x)pwvqhy/axpp ifwt ;ors of index of refraction 1.50 and q1zya6;;/)vwx:0wrqf fpz)t -ilj*/whpo px radius of curvature $R=12.0\mathrm{~$cm$}$ is shown in (Fig. Below). Consider an incoming ray parallel to the principal axis and a height h above it as shown. Determine the distance d, from the flat face of the lens, to where this ray crosses the principal axis if
(a) $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_1$ =    cm
(b) $h=6.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_2$ =    cm
(c) How far apart are these “focal points”? $\Delta d$ =    cm
(d) What is the radius of the “circle of least confusion” produced by the $h=6.0-\mathrm{~$cm$},$ ray at the “focal point” for $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$? r =    cm

  What is the angular resolgh0go0kjl1n:nz. an s;uq-z 0n a+t-dution limit (degrees) set by diffraction for the 100-in. n slaazz1-n g:hj0n ; ugk+.-0qdn to0(254-$cm$ mirror diameter) Mt. Wilson telescope ($\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}$)?   $ \times10^{ -5}\;^{\circ}$

  Suppose that you wish to construct a tmt1y(:ep 8rhmm1- yweelescope that can resolve features 7.0 $km$ across on the Moon, 384,000 $km$ away. You have a 2.0-$m$-focal-length objective lens whose diameter is 11.0 $cm$.
What focal-length eyepiece is needed if your eye can resolve objects 0.10 $mm$ apart at a distance of 25 $cm$? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the resolution limit (radians) set by the size of the objective lens (that is, by diffraction)?
Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ $\theta$   $ \times10^{ -6}\;rad$

  The normal lens on a 35a;) u2z k71sdv kpa.pt-mm camera has a focal length of 50.0 $mm$. Its aperture diameter varies from a maximum of 25 $mm$ $(f/2)$ to a minimum of 3.0 mm $(f/16)$. Determine the resolution limit set by diffraction for $f/2$ and $f/16$. Specify as the number of lines per millimeter resolved on the film. Take $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$
For $\frac{f}{2}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm
For $\frac{f}{16}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm

  Two stars 15 light-years away are barely resolved by a h0uoih : .:wjj55-$cm$ (mirror diameter) telescope. How far apart are the stars? Assume $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ and that the resolution is limited by diffraction.   $ \times10^{11 }\;m$

  (a) How far away can a human eye div8 4c+lw /fxh bni2of+stinguish two car headlights 2.0 $m$ apart? Consider only diffraction effects and assume an eye pupil diameter of 5.0 $mm$ and a wavelength of 550 $nm$.
L =    km
(b) What is the minimum angular separation an eye could resolve when viewing two stars, considering only diffraction effects? In reality, it is about of arc. Why is it not equal to your answer in (b)? $\theta$ =    $\times 10^{-3}$ $^{\circ}$

  The Earth and Moon are separated by 1 y0sphdoi6,/ myp:w pabout $400\times10^6\mathrm{~m.}$ When Mars is $8\times10^{10}\mathrm{~m}$ from Earth, could a person standing on Mars resolve the Earth and its Moon as two separate objects without a telescope? Assume a pupil diameter of 5 $mm$ and $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$  ----待选择----yesno 

  X-rays of wavelength 0.133 nm fall on a crystal whose atom 9oeb,w6 fvx3y8wfo7qs, lying in planes, are spacedo67e,w f89w bfyvo q3x 0.280 $nm$ apart. At what angle \phi (relative to the surface, Fig. Below) must the X-rays be directed if the first diffraction maximum is to be observed? $\phi $ =    $^{\circ}\,$

  X-rays of wavelength 0.0973 nm are directed at an unknown txjf+ryhtl-o l, /)n+ crystal. The second diffraction maximtjn,h y-) +xo /flr+ltum is recorded when the X-rays are directed at an angle of $\mathrm{23.4°}$ relative to the crystal surface. What is the spacing between crystal planes? d =    nm

  First-order Bragg diffraction isk : sc3y9mbkptbv)t(3 observed at $\mathrm{25.2°}$ related to the crystal surface, with spacing between atoms of 0.24 $nm$.
(a) At what angle will second order be observed? $\phi_2 $=    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) What is the wavelength of the X-rays? $\lambda $ =    nm

  (a) Suppose for a conventso8viba:tb98aj : k .t76ejxg*xwr . iional X-ray image that the X-ray beam consists of parallel rays. What w6:bj.e7b8it8v.a ai :ogr w9tx*kjxsould be the magnification of the image? a the magnification is   
(b) Suppose, instead, the X-rays come from a point source (as in Fig. Below) that is 15 $cm$ in front of a human body 25 $cm$ thick, and the film is pressed against the person’s back. Determine and discuss the range of magnifications that results. $m_1$ =    the magnification is  

  Sam purchases $+3.50-diopter$ eyeglasses which correct his faulty vision to put his near point at 25 $cm$. (Assume he wears the lenses 2.0 $cm$ from his eyes.)
(a) Calculate the focal length of Sam’s glasses.    cm
(b) Calculate Sam’s near point without glasses. his near point is    cm
(c) Pam, who has normal eyes with near point at 25 $cm$, puts on Sam’s glasses. Calculate Pam’s near point with Sam’s glasses on.    cm from her eyes

  As early morning passed toward midday, and the sunlight got more intense, ah5 +lke)vg8 bm;22hv5 hhujgu photograph;hbvgkg8)5hj2e5 vhl2uh + umer noted that, if she kept her shutter speed constant, she had to change the $f$-number from $f/5.6$ to $f/22$. By what factor had the sunlight intensity increased during that time? $I_2$ =    $I_1$

Show that for objects very far away (assume infinity), fh-v/f 6g qzdh)5y mfzo99w o8the magnification of a camera lens is proportiona689/ -h5)wmfzoz qh9g dyfofvl to its focal length.

  For a camera equipped with a 5ghv 96z/bzc 8yzm em770-$mm$-focal-length lens, what is the object distance if the image height equals the object height? How far is the object from the film?
$d_o$ =    mm
d =    mm

  A woman can see clearly with her right eye only when objects are between 456hz mtrf ,6fh zam5u.8cl/mn*f oh8 u7 $cm$ and 155 $cm$ away. Prescription bifocals should have what powers so that she can see distant objects clearly (upper part) and be able to read a book 25 $cm$ away (lower part) with her right eye? Assume that the glasses will be 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
$P_1$ =    D(upper part)
$P_2$ =    D(lower part)

  A child has a near point oi3 r:,kr ev+60itbhb l3s mxx+f 15 $cm$. What is the maximum magnification the child can obtain using an 8.0-$cm$-focal-length magnifier? What magnification can a normal eye obtain with the same lens? Which person sees more detail?
$M_1$ =    $\times$
$M_2$ =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying power ok1f w6 ks *hsfjo):qx*f a $+4.0-D$ lens used as a magnifier? Assume a relaxed normal eye. $M$ =    $\times$

  A physicist lost in the mountains tries to make a telescope using the lenses fl 0w-o(x ksn6vh8 cr:rrom his reading glasses. They have :k(ro x8-6hsvlcwnr0powers of $+2.0-D$ and $+4.0-D$, respectively.
(a) What maximum magnification telescope is possible? $M$ =    $\times$
(b) Which lens should be used as the eyepiece?    D

  A 50-year-old man usesw dw a7.+dqugtv z )geu.887xx $+2.5-diopter$ lenses to read a newspaper 25 $cm$ away. Ten years later, he must hold the paper 35 $cm$ away to see clearly with the same lenses. What power lenses does he need now in order to hold the paper 25 $cm$ away? (Distances are measured from the lens.) $P_2$ = +    D

  Spy planes fly at extremely,;xmn;+ojv 68 c jypya high altitudes (25 $km$) to avoid interception. Their cameras are reportedly able to discern features as small as 5 $cm$. What must be the minimum aperture of the camera lens to afford this resolution? (Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$)D =    cm

When shooting pictures at very short dist81;jbk +w/vlstcsz z9x 8hk)eances, exposure times must be increased because of the increased dist c 1k)bzx+ketjsl z89s8/vhw;ance of the lens from the film for a focused image.
(a) Show that when the object is so close to the camera that the image height equals the object height, the exposure time must be four times longer (or 2 f-stops) than when the object is a long distance away (say, $$\infty), given the same illumination and f-stop.
(b) Show that if $d_o$ is at least four or five times the focal length f of the lens, the exposure time is increased by less than half an f-stop relative to the same object being a great distance away.

  The objective lens auqkyi )1hx v/ *blqxea90e./mnd the eyepiece of a telescope are spaced 85 $cm$ apart. If the eyepiece is $+23$ diopters, what is the total magnification of the telescope? $M$ =    $\times$

  The Hubble Space Telescope, with an objective diameter of 2.hd 9fmkb.2y-pa mr8x8 4 m, is viewing the Moon. Estimate the minimum distance between two objects on the Moon that the Hubblmp2x h akdrb9y.-8m8 fe can distinguish. Consider diffraction of light of wavelength 550 nm. Assume the Hubble is near the Earth.    m

  Two converging lenses, one withp(6k zqtr7wih w;c q1( $f=4.0\mathrm{~cm}$ and the other with $f=44\mathrm{~cm}$ are made into a telescope.
(a) What are the length and magnification? Which lens should be the eyepiece?
The distance between the two lenses is   cm
M =    $\times $
f =    cm
(b) Assume these lenses are now combined to make a microscope; if the magnification needs to be $25\times,$ how long would the microscope be?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has a magnification of 8.0. If the twc)ui6hwq6 ec1ph 5di: o lenses are 28 $cm$ apart, determine the focal length of each lens.
The focal length of the eyepiece lens is    cm
The focal length of the objective lens is    cm

  You want to design a spy satellite to photograph xwjxtxoy0i(3r 9o iqn1)1b2 l license plate numbers. Assuming it is nrxno ibylo12j3 9twq1 (i)xx0ecessary to resolve points separated by 5 $cm$ with 550-$nm$ light, and that the satellite orbits at a height of 130 $km$, what minimum lens aperture (diameter) is required? D =    m

  A Lucite planoconvex zt 3h6q gh4;j9oqews.lens (Fig. Below) has one flat surface and the other has $R=18.4\mathrm{~cm}.$ This lens is used to view an object, located 66.0 $cm$ away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? $d_{i\,red}$ =    cm
$d_{i\,orange}$ =    cm