Why is the depth of field greater, andq)uykxo gv wwr+b+:40 the image sharper, when a camera lens is “stopped down” to a larger f+yxvruq:ow g+kb 0)4 w-number? Ignore diffraction.

Describe how diffraction affects the statement that thedh vc2:xd6g x. depth of field is greater and the image sharper wheg6v2 dxx.:cdh n a camera lens is “stopped down” to a larger f-number.

Why must a camera lens be moved farther from the ht*yy;::b h u/ u); zc;2pn,zpbuxklm film to focus on a closer object unp;zhyu uy; :b*l:)ptmh zbck,2;x/?

Why are bifocals needed mainly by older persons and not generally by younger prb8d(a(zk t/ha2pof u4g :vk:eoapav:/r 4 hktkf(( bu2gzo:d 8ple?

  Will a nearsighted pey(n6s b6fdp+ crson who wears corrective lenses in her glasses be able to see clearly underwater when wearings yp+nb6fd c6( those glasses?  ----待选择----yesno Use a diagram to show why or why not.

You can tell whether a person is nearsighted or farsighted b-yg , tvdkxyecc:- t8o,/ccj 6y looking at the width of the face through their glasses. If the person’s face appears narrower through the glasses (Fig. Below), is the person farsighted orcv8o,/ e,tjyd:k ct-gycx6 c - nearsighted?

In attempting to discern distant details, people will sometimes sw 9s4tv/ x.u4qy0r eziquint. Why does this help?zevq4s4 wyr x09 itu./

Is the image formed on t/q vztpcb t a,8-,cqg8he retina of the human eye upright or inverted? Discuss the implications of this bzc8 ap/t,v, t g-cqq8for our perception of objects.

The human eye is much like a ca6-ho)u4dq4m . pshe nvmera — yet, when a camera shutter is left open and the camera is mq -hvn4uhd)p . smoe46oved, the image will be blurred; but when you move your head with your eyes open, you still see clearly. Explain.

  Reading glasses use convergq7qqq3vti-,t eq66 lha7+fbging lenses. A simple magnifier is also a converging lens. Are reading i6 gt aqe3lqqq7q, -vb7t+h6fglasses therefore magnifiers? ----待选择----yesno  Discuss the similarities and differences between converging lenses as used for these two different purposes.

Inexpensive microscopes for children’s usec :iwx caar,g(aogg:8 h.x.6g usually produce images that are colored at the ggaa:h6xxo. rc ca8i(g,g. :wedges. Why?

Spherical aberration in a thin lens is minimized if rays are bent equally by tj e23/9scnz lehe twoc23zjn9 /eel s surfaces. If a planoconvex lens is used to form a real image of an object at infinity, which surface should face the object? Use ray diagrams to show why.

Which aberrations present in a simple gj/ij,/cmg e+p7x x.plens are not present (or are greatly reduced) in the human j, empx/ j pig.+7/xcgeye?

Explain why chromatic aberration occurs fe9bo) .88 zd;ukqbd usor thin lenses but not for mirrors.

  By what factor can you improve resolution, other things b +l2q) x tjtrwtv 6z/z6*bvk1reing equal, if you use blue lig1 ztv wjzlx)v /6trt2r* kb6+qht ($\lambda=450mm$) rather than red (700 $nm$)?  

Give at least two advantages for the use of large reflecting mirrors in .)-(8uu t xsx3kxaac iastronomical telesco tx.x(scaak38)ux i- upes.

Which color of visible light would give thecw* sjp5qs07e3 i;c kg best resolution in a microscope? Expk cq wp*s jc5es;370iglain.

  Atoms have diameters of abfjziz/lb g*q8d xaqti *;4vsu *t+)wq n 5t2(vout $10^{-8}\,$cm$. Can visible light be used to “see” an atom? ----待选择----yesno  Explain.

  A 55-mm-focal-length le*xncmus ikir) hret ,fah 729 .x6x))cns has f-stops ranging from $f/1.4$ to $f/22$. What is the corresponding range of lens diaphragm diameters?    $\mathrm{mm}\leq D\leq$    $\mathrm{mm}$

  A television camera le4)yn qq)( z*7v s;qqdhbr k(fzns has a 14-$cm$ focal length and a lens diameter of 6.0 $cm$. What is its $f$-number? $f$/  

  A light meter reports that a ie: ib +l+ltdevm.4y( camera setting of $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/5.6$ will give a correct exposure. But the photographer wishes to use $f/11$ to increase the depth of field. What should the shutter speed be?$t_2$ = 1/   s

  A properly exposed photograph is taken at mhw u6dcz5gd lk0ft,,ecnw199 +g (we $f/16$ and $\frac{1}{60}\,s$ What lens opening would be required if the shutter speed were $\frac{1}{1000}\,s$? $f$/  

  If an $f$ = 135-mm telephoto lens is designed to cover object distances from 1.2 m to $\infty $, over what distance must the lens move relative to the plane of the film?    mm

  A 200-mm-focal-length lens can be adjusted so to2wtuzp)ryfx*y /t-: uhi8y3hat it is 200.0 mm to 206.0 mm from the film. For what ran2iu8-y )uy /wo p: yf3z*hxrttge of object distances can it be adjusted?    $\mathrm{m}\leq d_{\circ}\leq\infty$

  A nature photographer wishes to photograph a 28-mtall tree from a distanceqboy-d/*bil gx)3 n-c of 58 m. Whatxclqbo3in b -/d-)g y* focal-length lens should be used if the image is to fill the 24-mm height of the film?    mm

A “pinhole” camera use;0 jebk,;f/rpci 5j et)ux;zhs a tiny pinhole instead of a lens. Show, using ray diagrams, how reasonably sharp images can be formed using such a pinhole camera. In particular, consider two point objecz 0/bf ;uk jiepr;xje,; c5t)hts 2.0 $cm$ apart that are 1.0 m from a 1.0-mm-diameter pinhole. Show that on a piece of film 7.0 $cm$ behind the pinhole the two objects produce two separate circles that do not overlap.

  Suppose that a correct exposui )t6ec)lru2/fl. 8l f ohhea;re is $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/11$ Under the same conditions, what exposure time would be needed for a pinhole camera (Problem 8) if the pinhole diameter is 1.0 mm and the film is 7.0 $cm$ from the hole? $t_2$ = 1/   s

  A human eyeball is about 2.gzj.a9et opw)+i 1; ro0 $cm$ long, and the pupil has a maximum diameter of about 8.0 mm. What is the “speed” of this lens? $ f-stop$ = f/  

  If the nearsighted person in Example 25–6 wore contaz gxgd:3fmd k+xg4d+5x 8iv e)ct lenses corrected for the far gdfgdx4e+kz vix 3:+) d8xgm 5point $(=\,\infty)$ show that the near point would be 41 $cm$. (Would glasses be better in this case?) glasses would be  ----待选择----betterworse 

  Reading glasses of what power are needed for a person whose n;mpfdqg/,muu 8iw6m .ear point is 115 $cm$, so that he can read a computer screen at 55 $cm$? Assume a lens–eye distance of 1.8 $cm$.+    D

  A person has a far point of 1su1 uh5d 3t4zn4 $cm$. What power glasses would correct this vision if the glasses were placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye?    What power contact lenses, placed on the eye, would the person need?   

  A person struggles to read by holding a book at arm’s length, a distance of k c-o;ucrlqwt+-3 ac-45 $cm$ away (= near point). What power of reading glasses should be prescribed for him, assuming they will be placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye and he wants to read at the normal near point of 25 $cm$? +    D

  A person’s left eye is corrected*r k2yb c vpp.*h4z(zebth 18g by a $-3.50-diopter$ lens, 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
(a) Is this person’s left eye near- or farsighted?  ----待选择----nearsightedfarsighted 
(b) What is this eye’s far point without glasses?    cm

  A person’s right eye can see objects cl4maxe2a3;)wf bey3l ;b l8i qqm, 0ckjearly only if they are between 25 $cm$ and 75 $cm$ away.
(a) What power of contact lens is required so that objects far away are sharp? -    D
(b) What will be the near point with the lens in place?    cm

  About how much longer is the nearsighted eye in Example 25–y mxk)k 4iz9 sh. d*do,i:pr 1tkew-j46 than the 2.0 $cm$ of a normal eye?    cm

  One lens of a nearsigi oz1eovqxw :- zs)2/phted person’s eyeglasses has a focal length of $-22.0 \, cm$ and the lens is 1.8 $cm$ from the eye. If the person switches to contact lenses that are placed directly on the eye, what should be the focal length of the corresponding contact lens?    cm

  What is the focal length of the eye–le*ogy:zh6d ofa7rzhy0k.,k /8 wao, uriqd4 q6ns system when viewing an object
(a) at infinity,    cm
(b) 33 $cm$ from the eye? Assume that the lens–retina distance is 2.0 $cm$.   cm

  A nearsighted person has near and far points of4en5 +gy6jzs k 10.0 and 20.0 $cm$, respectively. If she puts on contact lenses with power $P\,=\,-4.00D$, what are her new near and far points?
near point    cm
far point    cm

  What is the magnification of a lens used with a relaxed eye if its focal lh 1e0 ;ja0 dejev1vli-ength ejjv11ahl ed0e0iv-; is 12 $cm$? =    $\times$

  What is the focal length of a magnifying glass0e 2+c8nrq prl of $3.5\times$ magnification for a relaxed normal eye?    cm

  A magnifier is rated 2 z:y(v ba8(xikk; gm(4rdonv at $2.5\times$for a normal eye focusing on an image at the near point.
(a) What is its focal length?    cm
(b) What is its focal length if the $2.5\times$ refers to a relaxed eye?    cm

  Sherlock Holmes is using a 9 w6):jykxgjaf1 4xmm+ 5 mh/if.00-$cm$-focal-length lens as his magnifying glass. To obtain maximum magnification, where must the object be placed (assume a normal eye), and what will be the magnification?
$d_o$ =    cm from the lens
M =    $\times$

  A 3.30-mm-wide beetle is viewed with g0a 6;9 zxdqqhmkt0 bb+ 7uw3ba 9.50-$cm$-focal-length lens. A normal eye views the image at its near point. Calculate
(a) the angular magnification, =    $\times$
(b) the width of the image,    mm
(c) the object distance from the lens.    cm from the lens

  A small insect is placed 5xon*,t wdzi 2+.55 $cm$ from a $+6.00-$cm$-focal-length$ lens. Calculate
(a) the position of the image,    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass with a focal length o)g*f) j ectimh+wi24e f 8.5 $cm$ is used to read print placed at a distance of 7.5 $cm$. Calculate
(a) the position of the image;    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass is r+6p83lphe qm.ko;alc ated at $3.0\times$ for a normal eye that is relaxed. What would be the magnification of this lens for a relaxed eye whose near point is
(a) 55 $cm$, =    $\times$
(b) 16 $cm$? Explain the differences. =    $\times$

  What is the magnification of an astro 2jk3,vyiuh w:hz*px+*nd5 ronomical telescope whose objective lens has a focal length ofhw v,puod: y**5 ink+hj3r2z x 76 $cm$ and whose eyepiece has a focal length of 2.8 $cm$? What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for a relaxed eye?
M =    $\times$
L =    $\times$

  The overall magnification of an astronomical telescope is desiredr7e6dfi -+;1 d2dmzj. s ddqm buq/c:o to be 25$\times$. If an objective of 78$-cm$ focal length is used,
what must be the focal length of the eyepiece? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for use by the relaxed eye? L =    cm

  An 8.0$\times$ binocular has 2.8$-$cm$-focal-length$ eyepieces. What is the focal length of the objective lenses?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has an objective with focal larjx76dmtv i+ 7)/kjx/ jtvw(p6anl6 ength 85 $cm$ and a $+35-D$ eyepiece. What is the total magnification? =    $\times$

  An astronomical telescope has its twoyyll gd, a3i3-d1f hs4 lenses spaced 75.2 $cm$ apart. If the objective lens has a focal length of 74.5 $cm$, what is the magnification of this telescope? Assume a relaxed eye. =    $\times$

  A Galilean telescope adjusted for a relaxe6,m iwop 0m)ikd eye is 32.8 $cm$ long. If the objective lens has a focal length of 36.0 $cm$, what is the magnification? =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying power of an astronomical telescope using a r o8xi,r v6wk:h 6dkt*ceflecting mirrork6d i*:6rvx,8kocwh t whose radius of curvature is 6.0 $m$ and an eyepiece whose focal length is 3.2 $cm$? =    $\times$

  The Moon’s image appears to be magnified 1j *l)q6x.h3 ev xjm-xi20$\times$ by a reflecting astronomical telescope with an eyepiece having a focal length of 3.2 $cm$. What are the focal length and radius of curvature of the main (objective) mirror? M =    m r =    m

  A 170$\times$ astronomical telescope is adjusted for a relaxed eye when the two lenses are 1.25 m apart. What is the focal length of each lens?
$f_e$ =    mm
$f_o$ =    m

  A reflecting telescope (Fig. Below) has a radius of curnm81ay a; q73xec g-qjvature of 3.0 m for its objective ;aj 7q8 e-1xymgnc 3aqmirror and a radius of curvature of $-1.50m$ for its eyepiece mirror. If the distance between the two mirrors is 0.90 m, how far in front of the eyepiece should you place the photographic film to record the image of a star? $d_{2i}$ =    m

  A microscope uses an/f2s8fn ur h6v eyepiece with a focal length of 1.40 $cm$. Using a normal eye with a final image at infinity, the tube length is 17.5 $cm$ and the focal length of the objective lens is 0.65 $cm$. What is the magnification of the microscope? =    $\times$

  A 620 $\times$ microscope uses a 0.40-$cm$-focal-length objective lens. If the tube length is 17.5 $cm$, what is the focal length of the eyepiece? Assume a normal eye and that the final image is at infinity. $f_e$ =    cm

  A 17-$cm$-long microscope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5 $cm$ and an objective with a focal length of 0.28 $cm$. What is the approximate magnification?    $times$

  A microscope has a 12 l)ei-d)pqui /.0$times$ eyepiece and a 59.0$times$ objective lens 20.0 $cm$ apart. Calculate
(a) the total magnification,    $times$
(b) the focal length of each lens, $f_e$ =    cm $f_o$ =    cm
(c) where the object must be for a normal relaxed eye to see it in focus. $d_o$ =    cm

  A microscope has a 1.yk1 ( ;cxoovs ()p 9a7p uv5zb7cgmp(y x1-vrn8-$cm$-focal-length eyepiece and a 0.80-$cm$ objective lens. Assuming a relaxed normal eye, calculate
(a) the position of the object if the distance between the lenses is 16.0 $cm$, $d_{oo}$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $times$

  Repeat Problem 61 assuming that the final image is loccj(z; qaaodty690ii-md u e. gt b:a.3ated 25 $cm$ from the eyepiece (near point of a normal eye). $d_{oo}$ =    cm   $times$

  The eyepiece of a compound microscope hasy l4 cum8h8z-ee;-+wk6pz ihj a focal length of 2.70 $cm$, and the objective lens has $f=0.740\mathrm{~cm}$. If an object is placed 0.790 $cm$ from the objective lens, calculate
(a) the distance between the lenses when the microscope is adjusted for a relaxed eye, $l$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $\times$

  An achromatic lens is made of two very thin lenses, placed in contact, that havqy,vvh( x7 d/ 0crc8fve f78c hvvqd f/(v,y0rcx ocal lengths of $f_1=-28\mathrm{~cm}$ and $f_2=+23\mathrm{~$cm$}.$
(a) Is the combination converging or diverging?  ----待选择----convergingdiverging 
(b) What is the net focal length?    m

  Let’s examine spherical aberration in a particular situation. A pla *5sgpgw9b,hinoconvex lens of index of refraction 1.50 and radgb*,ps 5wi9gh ius of curvature $R=12.0\mathrm{~$cm$}$ is shown in (Fig. Below). Consider an incoming ray parallel to the principal axis and a height h above it as shown. Determine the distance d, from the flat face of the lens, to where this ray crosses the principal axis if
(a) $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_1$ =    cm
(b) $h=6.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_2$ =    cm
(c) How far apart are these “focal points”? $\Delta d$ =    cm
(d) What is the radius of the “circle of least confusion” produced by the $h=6.0-\mathrm{~$cm$},$ ray at the “focal point” for $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$? r =    cm

  What is the angular w( not.qx hrx. /7-vh wj-w3ddresolution limit (degrees) set by diffraction for the 100-in. (27j. w-dxqw o.rxn hw3dv-(ht/54-$cm$ mirror diameter) Mt. Wilson telescope ($\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}$)?   $ \times10^{ -5}\;^{\circ}$

  Suppose that you wish to construct a telescope that can resolve featu+ hcm*yh9 )x6ypynj-z res 7.0 $km$ across on the Moon, 384,000 $km$ away. You have a 2.0-$m$-focal-length objective lens whose diameter is 11.0 $cm$.
What focal-length eyepiece is needed if your eye can resolve objects 0.10 $mm$ apart at a distance of 25 $cm$? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the resolution limit (radians) set by the size of the objective lens (that is, by diffraction)?
Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ $\theta$   $ \times10^{ -6}\;rad$

  The normal lens on a 35-mm camera has a focal length o; be 5b9gnk9la/ 8t6k8efltujf 50.0 $mm$. Its aperture diameter varies from a maximum of 25 $mm$ $(f/2)$ to a minimum of 3.0 mm $(f/16)$. Determine the resolution limit set by diffraction for $f/2$ and $f/16$. Specify as the number of lines per millimeter resolved on the film. Take $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$
For $\frac{f}{2}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm
For $\frac{f}{16}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm

  Two stars 15 light-years away are barely resolved by a 55q09f9 qewmupjmae: ; (-$cm$ (mirror diameter) telescope. How far apart are the stars? Assume $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ and that the resolution is limited by diffraction.   $ \times10^{11 }\;m$

  (a) How far away can a human eye d3;6b-.sl o-x/xwofstmxr s l2 59a lhwistinguish two car headlights 2.0 $m$ apart? Consider only diffraction effects and assume an eye pupil diameter of 5.0 $mm$ and a wavelength of 550 $nm$.
L =    km
(b) What is the minimum angular separation an eye could resolve when viewing two stars, considering only diffraction effects? In reality, it is about of arc. Why is it not equal to your answer in (b)? $\theta$ =    $\times 10^{-3}$ $^{\circ}$

  The Earth and Moon are separated hk:p*0loz1sm*kgi v + by about $400\times10^6\mathrm{~m.}$ When Mars is $8\times10^{10}\mathrm{~m}$ from Earth, could a person standing on Mars resolve the Earth and its Moon as two separate objects without a telescope? Assume a pupil diameter of 5 $mm$ and $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$  ----待选择----yesno 

  X-rays of wavelength 0.133 nm fall on a crystal whose atoms, lying in planes, arlc d:k ,xkn)u:e s)lk:x:c,n u dkpaced 0.280 $nm$ apart. At what angle \phi (relative to the surface, Fig. Below) must the X-rays be directed if the first diffraction maximum is to be observed? $\phi $ =    $^{\circ}\,$

  X-rays of wavelength 0.0973 nm are dig 5kav wh wniz9)*77yr1 a9xkerected at an unknown crystal. The second diffraction maximum is recorded when the X-rays are directed at aae1yxz * ginw 9av7krk9w5h) 7n angle of $\mathrm{23.4°}$ relative to the crystal surface. What is the spacing between crystal planes? d =    nm

  First-order Bragg diffraction is observel (stlu/ 8dib:ha dt,s7q01cjd at $\mathrm{25.2°}$ related to the crystal surface, with spacing between atoms of 0.24 $nm$.
(a) At what angle will second order be observed? $\phi_2 $=    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) What is the wavelength of the X-rays? $\lambda $ =    nm

  (a) Suppose for a conventional X-ray image that the X-ray beam consists of par0ju gu )u*:l9 1zek)wy7 gl;qdby7mxd k8jdp2allel rays. Wha* ul2u9kpbqj708;djdg7)1m kx y :ygzuwdel )t would be the magnification of the image? a the magnification is   
(b) Suppose, instead, the X-rays come from a point source (as in Fig. Below) that is 15 $cm$ in front of a human body 25 $cm$ thick, and the film is pressed against the person’s back. Determine and discuss the range of magnifications that results. $m_1$ =    the magnification is  

  Sam purchases $+3.50-diopter$ eyeglasses which correct his faulty vision to put his near point at 25 $cm$. (Assume he wears the lenses 2.0 $cm$ from his eyes.)
(a) Calculate the focal length of Sam’s glasses.    cm
(b) Calculate Sam’s near point without glasses. his near point is    cm
(c) Pam, who has normal eyes with near point at 25 $cm$, puts on Sam’s glasses. Calculate Pam’s near point with Sam’s glasses on.    cm from her eyes

  As early morning passed toward midday, and the sunlight got more intebn 6ux)w3z ) ;ln;tju*hjaofu*mzc: 3nse, a photographer noted that, if she kept her shutter speed constant, she had to change 3c)*u tnuloja:6m 3wu)zz ;hj;n* fxbthe $f$-number from $f/5.6$ to $f/22$. By what factor had the sunlight intensity increased during that time? $I_2$ =    $I_1$

Show that for objects very far fr 3uzr 0cb5v*away (assume infinity), the magnification of a camera lens is proportional to its focal lengt frurz0c*b3 v5h.

  For a camera equipped with a 50-l:9zpbhz: qb wj 3jf;x/4jky7 5v2t 8 fbeik)z$mm$-focal-length lens, what is the object distance if the image height equals the object height? How far is the object from the film?
$d_o$ =    mm
d =    mm

  A woman can see clearly with her right eye only when objects are betweene,g/ 3ryf/ ;a) klsg 7qf3yvbj 45 $cm$ and 155 $cm$ away. Prescription bifocals should have what powers so that she can see distant objects clearly (upper part) and be able to read a book 25 $cm$ away (lower part) with her right eye? Assume that the glasses will be 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
$P_1$ =    D(upper part)
$P_2$ =    D(lower part)

  A child has a near point of-fws fa2 g98ng 15 $cm$. What is the maximum magnification the child can obtain using an 8.0-$cm$-focal-length magnifier? What magnification can a normal eye obtain with the same lens? Which person sees more detail?
$M_1$ =    $\times$
$M_2$ =    $\times$

  What is the magnifyiyu(zhn .5q6jok:n l,nng power of a $+4.0-D$ lens used as a magnifier? Assume a relaxed normal eye. $M$ =    $\times$

  A physicist lost in the mountains tries f42jn5 sf2c8wdb y3afto make a telescope using the lenses from his reading glasses. Thfy42n 3sw5d8 bjf caf2ey have powers of $+2.0-D$ and $+4.0-D$, respectively.
(a) What maximum magnification telescope is possible? $M$ =    $\times$
(b) Which lens should be used as the eyepiece?    D

  A 50-year-old man usk xt9b +; i;.qwcw-clr5 febesbi*x2wb, o,,u es $+2.5-diopter$ lenses to read a newspaper 25 $cm$ away. Ten years later, he must hold the paper 35 $cm$ away to see clearly with the same lenses. What power lenses does he need now in order to hold the paper 25 $cm$ away? (Distances are measured from the lens.) $P_2$ = +    D

  Spy planes fly at extremely dpx0ng )fivta:+hhm99 .zl9phigh altitudes (25 $km$) to avoid interception. Their cameras are reportedly able to discern features as small as 5 $cm$. What must be the minimum aperture of the camera lens to afford this resolution? (Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$)D =    cm

When shooting pictures at very short distances, exposurp7i1+pmno *w me times must be increased becaimn+p7p m w*o1use of the increased distance of the lens from the film for a focused image.
(a) Show that when the object is so close to the camera that the image height equals the object height, the exposure time must be four times longer (or 2 f-stops) than when the object is a long distance away (say, $$\infty), given the same illumination and f-stop.
(b) Show that if $d_o$ is at least four or five times the focal length f of the lens, the exposure time is increased by less than half an f-stop relative to the same object being a great distance away.

  The objective lens and the eyepiece of a telescope are spaced 85 pj* bpv1n 4w;4msg2pxobum9: $cm$ apart. If the eyepiece is $+23$ diopters, what is the total magnification of the telescope? $M$ =    $\times$

  The Hubble Space Telescope, with an objective diamb7l+d ,qxaz *yuyc 2i-eter of 2.4 m, is viewing the Moon. Estimate the minimum distance between two objects on the Moon that the Hubble can distinguish. Considzaxdy c2* y,-ib 7l+quer diffraction of light of wavelength 550 nm. Assume the Hubble is near the Earth.    m

  Two converging lenses, one with *1z i6 erqz*+i(clxek$f=4.0\mathrm{~cm}$ and the other with $f=44\mathrm{~cm}$ are made into a telescope.
(a) What are the length and magnification? Which lens should be the eyepiece?
The distance between the two lenses is   cm
M =    $\times $
f =    cm
(b) Assume these lenses are now combined to make a microscope; if the magnification needs to be $25\times,$ how long would the microscope be?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has a magnificat) f0u3p5/xok6ka8se qd ba1fc ion of 8.0. If the two lenses are 28 $cm$ apart, determine the focal length of each lens.
The focal length of the eyepiece lens is    cm
The focal length of the objective lens is    cm

  You want to design a spy satellite to pho ;)ftv cn 35;omq,x1dql eaaswc,9e((uq3psstograph license plate numbers. Assuming it is necessary to re9 3;1q(,n(q5sxa ,qpf lev ;d)teum wacc3sossolve points separated by 5 $cm$ with 550-$nm$ light, and that the satellite orbits at a height of 130 $km$, what minimum lens aperture (diameter) is required? D =    m

  A Lucite planoconvex lens (Fb//fhq, 3 / t3rczhdqoig. Below) has one flat surface and the other has $R=18.4\mathrm{~cm}.$ This lens is used to view an object, located 66.0 $cm$ away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? $d_{i\,red}$ =    cm
$d_{i\,orange}$ =    cm