What do different isotopes of a given element have in common? How are theyta9vz /ez0g:/:bc; uc(sgl qr differe r/vz:9bgl/uzt; 0esc(a:gcqnt?

What are the elements represented by the X in the followin 9kiua:bn,v uvi4g9,(5 sqvtbg: (a) $_{2}^{4}\text{He} + \text{X} \to _{7}^{14}\text{N}$ (b) $_{8}^{18}\text{X}$ (c) $_{92}^{238}\text{U} \to _{90}^{234}\text{Th} + \text{X}$ (d) $_{82}^{206}\text{X}$ (e) $_{82}^{207}\text{X}$

How many protons and how many neutrons do each of th7fcw9 u k:pklxea4h*r6:7txge isotopes in Question 2 haveh 7 796rtfke::*l xwaxu4 kcgp?

Identify the element that has 88 nucleons and 50 neutrons.c:uqa0/ piew9ne n356bkrtde 61b5 sr

Why are the atomic masses of many elements (see the perio *x2upt1,wygedic table) not close to wh gey1w,*u 2txpole numbers?

How do we know there is such a thing as the ch (xim02mcb (strong nuclear force?

What are the similarities and the differences between the strongm1/u-v2tvr 6fnn aoz, ee1fs0 nuclear force and the nf/ -2sza6tvueon 0ev, 1fr1 melectric force?

What is the experimental evidence in favor of radioactivitdw (4r 6pf/syay being a nuclear process?a d/6f4rsyw p(

The isotope $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ is unusual in that it can decay by $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\alpha$ emission. What is the resulting nuclide for each case?

A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to a nucleus containing how many neutrons?

Describe, in as many ways as you can, thejg 5ye m:lg2g: difference between $\alpha$, $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\gamma$ rays.

What element is formed brl 9qflb(w2xn; v2h2ay the radioactive decay of (a) $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}\ (\beta^+)$ (c) $_{84}^{210}\text{Po}\ (\alpha)$? [Hint: See Appendix B.]

What element is formed by the decay oyp/ u ji/irdj8el*v o ,9ve1ts ,8yzv3f (a) $_{15}^{32}\text{P}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{16}^{35}\text{S}\ (\beta^-)$ (c) $_{83}^{210}\text{Bi}\ (\alpha)$?

Fill in the missing po(5g5w x iv;ij31exf karticle or nucleus:
(a) $_{20}^{42}\text{Ca} \to _{19}^{42}\text{K} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(b) $_{29}^{58}\text{Cu} \to _{28}^{58}\text{Ni} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(c) $_{23}^{46}\text{V} \to _{24}^{46}\text{Cr} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$
(d) $_{94}^{238}\text{Pu} \to _{92}^{234}\text{U} + \alpha$
(e) $_{93}^{239}\text{Np} \to _{94}^{239}\text{Pu} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$

Immediately after a v 0ec 71 q)uo9b1cs,spw0 yxvt$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to $_{90}^{234}\text{Th} + _{2}^{4}\text{He}$, the daughter thorium nucleus still has 92 electrons circling it. Since thorium normally holds only 90 electrons, what do you suppose happens to the two extra ones?

When a nucleus undergn kfb;js2: 0uq au9x1roes either $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

The alpha particles from a given alpha-emitting nuclide are generally monoeaa, ugulm qa*awxj- t6:-;1e cnergetic; that is, they all have the same kinetic energy. But the beta particles from a beta-emitting nuclide have a spectrum of energies. Explain the difference beu m1 :g-acu;6w qxta*-a, ealjtween these two cases.

Do isotopes that undergo electron capture generally lie above or below tho nd2qiq73).ej15b rilx7 dape line of stability in (Fig. Bel5)3daod.b7q nj 2e7ixl qipr1ow)?

Can hydrogen or deuteriunoph1jht zq1* ,5nq7gl1u j5k m emit an $\alpha$ particle? Explain.

Why are many artificially produv e4tdq-q)n6sj62f avced radioactive isotopes rare in nature?

An isotope has a half-life of one month. After two months, wirzc/ 4ezuonfxq a-dm1- lh/ya 21vv*9 ll a given sample of this isotope have completmc*eza124hv- rxf-l va/ q/ no9uzyd1ely decayed? If not, how much remains?

Why are none of the elements withow tuas2xwa .58si;4v $Z>92$ stable?

A proton strikes a $_{3}^{6}\text{Li}$ nucleus. As a result, an $\alpha$ particle and another particle are released. What is the other particle?

Can $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ dating be used to measure the age of stone walls and tablets of ancient civilizations? Explain.

In both internal conversion xd6weenl;o0( and $\beta^-$ decay, an electron is emitted. How could you determine which decay process occurred?

  A pi meson has a mass1crs /zlf: bm/ of $139\ \text{MeV}/c^2$. What is this in atomic mass units? m =    u

  What is the approximate radius of an alpha partica u28+lxhi c+auq9pk/t /; aizle $(_{2}^{4}\text{He})$?r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

  What is the rest mass of a bay+ 8*t,hj-geo1a rlswre $\alpha$ particle in $\text{MeV}/c^2$? $m_{\alpha}$ =    $\ \text{MeV}/c^2$

  (a) What is the approximateww6 l-eiue/6l +affpnbl,3+d radius of a $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ nucleus? r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$
(b) Approximately what is the value of A for a nucleus whose radius is $7.0\ \text{fm}$? A =   

  (a) Show that the densityo(gmh;cixhd 0y c0:+r of nuclear matter is essentially the same for all nucleiohd img :cyh rx0+(c0;. $\rho$ =    $ \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3$
(b) What would be the radius of the Earth if it had its actual mass but had the density of nuclei? R =    m
(c) What would be the radius of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus if it had the density of the Earth? $r_{\text{U}} = $    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{m}$

  (a) What is the fraction of the hydr7*nsr p;amn u30h,ids*a oe.eogen atom's mass that is in the nucleus? $\dfrac{m_{\text{p}}}{(m_{\text{p}} + m_{\text{e}})}$ =   
(b) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's volume that is occupied by the nucleus? $\left( \dfrac{r_{\text{nucleus}}}{r_{\text{atom}}} \right)^3$ =    $ \times 10^{-14}$

  Approximately how many nucleons are there in a 1.0-kg object? Do66qhc ce:gy9oj.a*h4cgc,ory+;ar fro4 q4oes it matter what the object is made of? W64rej,6h y q qco cogc .o+a;oh44ya:rf*rcg9hy or why not? N $\approx $    $\times 10^{26}$ nucleons

  How much energy must33gnc9/4tk b 6t uyujq an $\alpha$ particle have to just "touch" the surface of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the total binding energy of7oi4/kb v z8qtk ,83 mci)zdde
(a) $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$    $ \times 10^{3}\ \text{MeV}$
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$.    MeV

  Use Appendix B to calculateun0x*;gr/fm4*lf g dz a 0p4ut the binding energy of $_{1}^{2}\text{H}$ (deuterium). Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the binding energy per nucleo9(2v +zcva8sem w9g fqn for a $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$ nucleus.    MeV

  Determine the binding energy of p6oi,t z1 ecd 0izsy/1the last neutron in a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus. Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the total 4u- f-et r3vx3dg.tc hbinding energy, and the binding energy per nucleon, for
(a) $_{1}^{7}\text{H}$ Binding energy =    MeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$. Use Appendix B. Binding energy =    GeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV

  Compare the average binding eneh m ui4.dvpp/2e63s a urun,4jpg1m +,ro ,menrgy of a nucleon in $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ to that in $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$.
the average binding energy per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon
the average binding force per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon

  How much energy is required to remove (a) a pron0ot c kv+41:de7piw gton, Energy(p) =    MeV
(b) a neutron, from $_{8}^{16}\text{O}$? Energy(n) =    MeV
Explain the difference in your answers.

  (a) Show that the nuclribq8;o (v ;3av5+ww0oq8cutc+ b o o0hh6qkieus $_{4}^{8}\text{Be}$ (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable and will decay into two $\alpha$ particles.
(b) Is $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ stable against decay into three $\alpha$ particles?  ----待选择----stableunstable 
Show why or why not.

  How much energy is release (; -xrav-m;-.pu vwhxr* 6qr5uor uitd when tritium, $_{1}^{3}\text{H}$, decays by $\beta^-$ emission? Q =    MeV

  What is the maximum kinetic energy of an electron emitq m4 xb79kqbo;ted in the $\beta^-$ decay of a free neutron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

Show that the decay rr-/g k.;d: quvuo t4ao5w ob/$_{6}^{11}\text{C} \to _{5}^{10}\text{B} + \text{p}$ is not possible because energy would not be conserved.

  $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}$ is radioactive. (a) Is it a $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ emitter?  ----待选择----$\beta^-$$\beta^+$ 
(b) Write down the decay reaction, and estimate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted $\beta$ particle. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Give the result of a calculation that ,izbpj s06 zyqsfq( f mj65-u,shows whether or not the following decays are possible: ,sjq u656i(z m0 ffpjsb- ,qyz
(a) $_{92}^{235}\text{U} \to _{92}^{236}\text{U} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(b) $_{8}^{16}\text{O} \to _{7}^{15}\text{N} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(c) $_{11}^{23}\text{Na} \to _{11}^{22}\text{Na} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 

  A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus emits an $\alpha$ particle with kinetic energy = 4.20 MeV. (a) What is the daughter nucleus, and (b) what is the approximate atomic mass (in u) of the daughter atom? Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus. $m(^{234}\text{Th}) =$    $\ \text{u}$

  When $_{10}^{23}\text{Ne}$ (mass = 22.9945 u) decays to $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ (mass = 22.9898 u) what is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV
What is its minimum energy?   
What is the energy of the neutrino in each case?    $\leq E_{\text{v}}\leq $    $\ \text{MeV}$
Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus.

  A nucleus of mass 238 u, init+ejfyu + p+a. hk9w-2.e 6hpbvba9obhially at rest, emits an $\alpha$ particle with a KE of 5.0 MeV. What is the KE of the recoiling daughter nucleus? $\text{KE}_{\chi}$=    MeV

  What is the maximum KE of the emittek24(zsjp(tsa .sbtrjlw+1u /0p1 o uod $\beta^-$ particle during the decay of $_{27}^{60}\text{Co}$? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The nuclide $_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ decays by emitting an electron whose maximum kinetic energy can be 1.71 MeV.
(a) What is the daughter nucleus?
(b) Calculate the daughter's atomic mass (in u). m =    u

  The isotope $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ can decay by either $\alpha$ or $\beta^-$ emission. What is the energy release in each case?
The mass of $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ is 218.008965 u.
$\alpha$ =    MeV
$\beta^-$ =    MeV

  How much energy is released in electron captubph fen-xa+.a*o- c+h,q hc 4ure by beryllium: $_{4}^{7}\text{Be} + \text{e}^- \to _{3}^{7}\text{Li} + \nu$? Q =    MeV

  A photon with a wavelength hag :lxdznx 1/5ajsso ;-z3c*of $1.00 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{m}$ is ejected from an atom. Calculate its energy and explain why it is a $\gamma$ ray from the nucleus or a photon from the atom. E =    MeV

  Determine the maximum kinetic energy 7m1rb/) k osso-c -bekof $\beta^+$ particles released when $_{6}^{11}\text{C}$ decays to $_{5}^{11}\text{B}$. What is the maximum energy the neutrino can have? What is its minimum energy? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  How much recoil energy does agd72qz:; 09hsle 19y kcyxes e $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus get when it emits a 1.46-MeV gamma ray? $\text{KE}_{K}$ =    eV

  What is the energy o7l84 7x1uvfflzd6jfqx)t o1ff the $\alpha$ particle emitted in the decay $_{84}^{210}\text{Po} \to _{82}^{206}\text{Pb} + \alpha$? Take into account the recoil of the daughter nucleus. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The $\alpha$ particle emitted when $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ decays has 4.20 MeV of kinetic energy. Calculate the recoil kinetic energy of the daughter nucleus and the Q-value of the decay.
$\text{KE}_{\text{Th}}$=    MeV
Q=    MeV

Show that when a nucleus z1n kamjn g/gl.t5d):;nadx. decays by $\beta^+$ decay, the total energy released is equal to
$Q = (M_P - M_D - 2m_e)c^2$
where $M_P$ and $M_D$ are the masses of the parent and daughter atoms (neutral), and $m_e$ is the mass of an electron or positron.

   A radioactivematerial produces 1280 decays per minute at one time, and 4.6 h later produces320 decays per minute. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$=    h

  (a) What is the decay conpau(xtjk67 w1 i7pc 8jstant of $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ whose half-life is $4.5 \times 10^9\ \text{yr}$? $\lambda$ =    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{yr}$
(b) The decay constant of a given nucleus is $8.2 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}^{-1}$. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ =    h

  What is the activity ofw9dta mn8e*)y a sample of $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ that contains $3.1 \times 10^{20}$ nuclei? $\dfrac{\Delta N}{\Delta t}$ =    $ \times 10^{9}\ \text{decays/s}$

  What fraction of a samplshk ;a6m9v+k 7tp5o hv+qq kp+e of $_{32}^{68}\text{Ge}$, whose half-life is about 9 months, will remain after 3.0 yr? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$ =   

  What fraction of a sample is left after exactly 6 half-ll4 0:xr frwnyzvi7ue))y0m a,ives? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$=