What do different isotopes of a given element have in common? How are the s l*p:8 lmhwe,*wtrrfq +3r7zy differfqt lzr+rsw3hpl8, :m *e7*wrent?

What are the elements represented by the X in the following: m vbd109pp8jr geb6tawe*w)e: k0 l1d(a) $_{2}^{4}\text{He} + \text{X} \to _{7}^{14}\text{N}$ (b) $_{8}^{18}\text{X}$ (c) $_{92}^{238}\text{U} \to _{90}^{234}\text{Th} + \text{X}$ (d) $_{82}^{206}\text{X}$ (e) $_{82}^{207}\text{X}$

How many protons and how many neutrons do each of the isotopes in Question 2b w u;2zcyjqva 35rz.:+0ltfc have?a 0v3zzw.5f+u2yr; c: tbjq cl

Identify the element that has 88 nucleons and 50 neutrons.9w y+tzah).+m dd*aln;vvj cr+c 05 uj

Why are the atomic masses of many ele0 r 1z c2ur;8dj4whfinments (see the periodic table) not close to whord2n0c hfz4 r iu18jw;le numbers?

How do we know there is such a thing as the strongf)8n ri:pid-xy dgv 8; nuclear force?

What are the similaritie4 dj1dvlp 5i 6wap6ro1,u8rv ns and the differences between the strong nuclear force and the electric forcepjw4 dd8i51vaul6 orr6 np,v1?

What is the experimentalksc3mv)ene t66b(o5 o evidence in favor of radioactivity being a nuclear process? mc k6e)ebns(ov3ot 56

The isotope $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ is unusual in that it can decay by $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\alpha$ emission. What is the resulting nuclide for each case?

A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to a nucleus containing how many neutrons?

Describe, in as many ways as you canote f hm1jgr: :4txji zs0dm9q4-l(o4, the difference between $\alpha$, $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\gamma$ rays.

What element is formed by the ra:mj*77 cyk 0kx y.glmedioactive decay of (a) $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}\ (\beta^+)$ (c) $_{84}^{210}\text{Po}\ (\alpha)$? [Hint: See Appendix B.]

What element is forme u2cd/ m4qpb6chq s0nl84g b-gd by the decay of (a) $_{15}^{32}\text{P}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{16}^{35}\text{S}\ (\beta^-)$ (c) $_{83}^{210}\text{Bi}\ (\alpha)$?

Fill in the missing particle or/ hpef9;6mrv es,4l lg nucleus:
(a) $_{20}^{42}\text{Ca} \to _{19}^{42}\text{K} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(b) $_{29}^{58}\text{Cu} \to _{28}^{58}\text{Ni} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(c) $_{23}^{46}\text{V} \to _{24}^{46}\text{Cr} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$
(d) $_{94}^{238}\text{Pu} \to _{92}^{234}\text{U} + \alpha$
(e) $_{93}^{239}\text{Np} \to _{94}^{239}\text{Pu} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$

Immediately after a cn;gq7ebll 7mws5nw-/vj 5j )$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to $_{90}^{234}\text{Th} + _{2}^{4}\text{He}$, the daughter thorium nucleus still has 92 electrons circling it. Since thorium normally holds only 90 electrons, what do you suppose happens to the two extra ones?

When a nucleus undergoes i *gb.ni /oj28f,7ofs xp;68zontj+hlv. ytm either $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

The alpha particles from a given alpha-emitting nuclide are generallywe i/yu +nbo7t /vi38b monoenergetic; that is, they all have the same kinetic energnvw7b/iieyu/o 8+t3 b y. But the beta particles from a beta-emitting nuclide have a spectrum of energies. Explain the difference between these two cases.

Do isotopes that undergo electron caplf:u(en;r h 8a6 +1lz e+uzmhlture generally lie above or below the line ozzhn+(lf;e8ml 1auhu l6+ re:f stability in (Fig. Below)?

Can hydrogen or deuterium em9 ef,zmg:aiy 5it an $\alpha$ particle? Explain.

Why are many artificially pro ee3o1 va)wk94+qcif nduced radioactive isotopes rare in nature?

An isotope has a half-life of one month. After two months, will a given sample o +cg3jr e.wag5f .+g3jcwrga e5 this isotope have completely decayed? If not, how much remains?

Why are none of the eledb1pxve7; fgfh8ipd .(0w 9f uments with $Z>92$ stable?

A proton strikes a $_{3}^{6}\text{Li}$ nucleus. As a result, an $\alpha$ particle and another particle are released. What is the other particle?

Can $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ dating be used to measure the age of stone walls and tablets of ancient civilizations? Explain.

In both internal convers s t5zlr2vv4v.ion and $\beta^-$ decay, an electron is emitted. How could you determine which decay process occurred?

  A pi meson has a mass of:opbz )a0ku i2y8 qb81ff* krx $139\ \text{MeV}/c^2$. What is this in atomic mass units? m =    u

  What is the approximate5h5:b 8 ) c go-mfuq0quys;qk lokc(r) radius of an alpha particle $(_{2}^{4}\text{He})$?r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

  What is the rest mass of a barext/7c*2 gbkj6w pdkx ) $\alpha$ particle in $\text{MeV}/c^2$? $m_{\alpha}$ =    $\ \text{MeV}/c^2$

  (a) What is the apprmlqzj1 t27 by(hzq3v.oximate radius of a $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ nucleus? r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$
(b) Approximately what is the value of A for a nucleus whose radius is $7.0\ \text{fm}$? A =   

  (a) Show that the density of nuclear matter is;+rb* pya9ej i essentially the same for all nuclei*ar ep+y;jb 9i. $\rho$ =    $ \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3$
(b) What would be the radius of the Earth if it had its actual mass but had the density of nuclei? R =    m
(c) What would be the radius of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus if it had the density of the Earth? $r_{\text{U}} = $    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{m}$

  (a) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's mass that is2jz7 gdpc bftzbaf z955,k82b in the nucleus? $\dfrac{m_{\text{p}}}{(m_{\text{p}} + m_{\text{e}})}$ =   
(b) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's volume that is occupied by the nucleus? $\left( \dfrac{r_{\text{nucleus}}}{r_{\text{atom}}} \right)^3$ =    $ \times 10^{-14}$

  Approximately how many nroaxsz )p1 ((kucleons are there in a 1.0-kg object? Does it matter what the object is madokrs(pa1x ( z)e of? Why or why not? N $\approx $    $\times 10^{26}$ nucleons

  How much energy must anh* wcj0d na tlfwi62r;*f s,s2 $\alpha$ particle have to just "touch" the surface of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the total binding ene(6 r5opkx(r xu+4vcu xrgy of
(a) $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$    $ \times 10^{3}\ \text{MeV}$
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$.    MeV

  Use Appendix B to calculate the binding energy q, g*ztj4bv/q b7 woj6of $_{1}^{2}\text{H}$ (deuterium). Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the binding energ30kp-kp , kiao6bu;k hy uy/c*y per nucleon for a $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$ nucleus.    MeV

  Determine the binding energy of the last neutgu6g dlj 8wku b ay-259r9r 7igg4+nykron in a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus. Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the total binding energy, and the binding ow9)xj 0j h h cv2+k.xxx /.yexrw,xta5k- 9qhenergy per nucleon, for
(a) $_{1}^{7}\text{H}$ Binding energy =    MeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$. Use Appendix B. Binding energy =    GeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV

  Compare the average bindicps( 3.9 qv(qprj;h,e:nfx hg ng energy of a nucleon in $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ to that in $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$.
the average binding energy per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon
the average binding force per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon

  How much energy is required to remove (a) 4lu0e.1od-krqo w+yc a proton, Energy(p) =    MeV
(b) a neutron, from $_{8}^{16}\text{O}$? Energy(n) =    MeV
Explain the difference in your answers.

  (a) Show that the nucleus 9o3nn xn;wk-w $_{4}^{8}\text{Be}$ (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable and will decay into two $\alpha$ particles.
(b) Is $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ stable against decay into three $\alpha$ particles?  ----待选择----stableunstable 
Show why or why not.

  How much energy is released when tritium6y7q.yiq( pw afb3b/vso zo -4, $_{1}^{3}\text{H}$, decays by $\beta^-$ emission? Q =    MeV

  What is the maximum kinetic energy of ayk.20 teb-vs+v0w on xn electron emitted in the $\beta^-$ decay of a free neutron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

Show that the decay cq6uz ep q lne9x*zw aqh1,b,oc507 v+$_{6}^{11}\text{C} \to _{5}^{10}\text{B} + \text{p}$ is not possible because energy would not be conserved.

  $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}$ is radioactive. (a) Is it a $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ emitter?  ----待选择----$\beta^-$$\beta^+$ 
(b) Write down the decay reaction, and estimate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted $\beta$ particle. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Give the result of a cal elu:p 8ka 39fhsmz9o5t ze+374a dhnfculation that shows whether or not the following decays are possh+u s8p z33ta:d5zmo e 4f7 hfnl99akeible:
(a) $_{92}^{235}\text{U} \to _{92}^{236}\text{U} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(b) $_{8}^{16}\text{O} \to _{7}^{15}\text{N} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(c) $_{11}^{23}\text{Na} \to _{11}^{22}\text{Na} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 

  A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus emits an $\alpha$ particle with kinetic energy = 4.20 MeV. (a) What is the daughter nucleus, and (b) what is the approximate atomic mass (in u) of the daughter atom? Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus. $m(^{234}\text{Th}) =$    $\ \text{u}$

  When $_{10}^{23}\text{Ne}$ (mass = 22.9945 u) decays to $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ (mass = 22.9898 u) what is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV
What is its minimum energy?   
What is the energy of the neutrino in each case?    $\leq E_{\text{v}}\leq $    $\ \text{MeV}$
Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus.

  A nucleus of mass 238 u, initiall5 a. kl0chk9z2oj jn2zy at rest, emits an $\alpha$ particle with a KE of 5.0 MeV. What is the KE of the recoiling daughter nucleus? $\text{KE}_{\chi}$=    MeV

  What is the maximum KE of the ey6 s 49/vf40yjcsha0ji dktq-mitted $\beta^-$ particle during the decay of $_{27}^{60}\text{Co}$? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The nuclide $_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ decays by emitting an electron whose maximum kinetic energy can be 1.71 MeV.
(a) What is the daughter nucleus?
(b) Calculate the daughter's atomic mass (in u). m =    u

  The isotope $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ can decay by either $\alpha$ or $\beta^-$ emission. What is the energy release in each case?
The mass of $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ is 218.008965 u.
$\alpha$ =    MeV
$\beta^-$ =    MeV

  How much energy is r v+3tvs ka *3*cqw/rd8yjlpz;6m0bsoeleased in electron capture by beryllium: $_{4}^{7}\text{Be} + \text{e}^- \to _{3}^{7}\text{Li} + \nu$? Q =    MeV

  A photon with a wavelenupf 6y 7uap 4r(/g33pxjhjz3d gth of $1.00 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{m}$ is ejected from an atom. Calculate its energy and explain why it is a $\gamma$ ray from the nucleus or a photon from the atom. E =    MeV

  Determine the maximum kinetic energy of bx.om.f8+ p ay *kledbwd-) 6q$\beta^+$ particles released when $_{6}^{11}\text{C}$ decays to $_{5}^{11}\text{B}$. What is the maximum energy the neutrino can have? What is its minimum energy? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  How much recoil energy d4( 1d(bnv:mcne r.4.xdsf hlooes a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus get when it emits a 1.46-MeV gamma ray? $\text{KE}_{K}$ =    eV

  What is the energy of the03f3mp.2u2di pnvww xrl3 p6i $\alpha$ particle emitted in the decay $_{84}^{210}\text{Po} \to _{82}^{206}\text{Pb} + \alpha$? Take into account the recoil of the daughter nucleus. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The $\alpha$ particle emitted when $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ decays has 4.20 MeV of kinetic energy. Calculate the recoil kinetic energy of the daughter nucleus and the Q-value of the decay.
$\text{KE}_{\text{Th}}$=    MeV
Q=    MeV

Show that when a nucleuse grmqmii+4 h. 8d5(ya decays by $\beta^+$ decay, the total energy released is equal to
$Q = (M_P - M_D - 2m_e)c^2$
where $M_P$ and $M_D$ are the masses of the parent and daughter atoms (neutral), and $m_e$ is the mass of an electron or positron.

   A radioactivematerial produces 1280 decays per minute at one time, and 4.6 h later produces320 decays per minute. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$=    h

  (a) What is the decay constant ofex1i( .85 5ifg 2e eqzl5effbm $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ whose half-life is $4.5 \times 10^9\ \text{yr}$? $\lambda$ =    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{yr}$
(b) The decay constant of a given nucleus is $8.2 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}^{-1}$. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ =    h

  What is the activity of a sample p)( h bmt54)nytpi+to of $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ that contains $3.1 \times 10^{20}$ nuclei? $\dfrac{\Delta N}{\Delta t}$ =    $ \times 10^{9}\ \text{decays/s}$

  What fraction of a sam) k+ ,b(qmyvocq2z q.dple of $_{32}^{68}\text{Ge}$, whose half-life is about 9 months, will remain after 3.0 yr? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$ =   

  What fraction of a samp,jajs-d tx 2uqco8r6/le is left after exactly 6 half-lives? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$=