What do different isotopes of a given element have in commo*(v+3sqxfg gwj*; .kmrpkm9e qe2 6con? How are they differekp eo*;rc.q (smxwgj9k6+e f3g*vm2q nt?

What are the elements represented by themtj.cxi12 d6yy f2z,p X in the following: (a) $_{2}^{4}\text{He} + \text{X} \to _{7}^{14}\text{N}$ (b) $_{8}^{18}\text{X}$ (c) $_{92}^{238}\text{U} \to _{90}^{234}\text{Th} + \text{X}$ (d) $_{82}^{206}\text{X}$ (e) $_{82}^{207}\text{X}$

How many protons and how many neutrons do each)1un 1d)fljmz of the isotopes in Question 2 have)1 mdu 1z)jfnl?

Identify the element that has 88 nucleons and 50 ne+f nk*xgq 5hu,utrons.

Why are the atomic masses of many elements (see the periodic table) not cab3+2p66 zaxdog v)i3v xe4bd(hj 8bklose to g hv6oeaipd) jdx8b 3k3b+4xaz 6v2( bwhole numbers?

How do we know there is such a thingsawnix 7 j3rd,ft4z51xect qu*82 b 7h as the strong nuclear force?

What are the similarities and the differences between the strhtp1zuds s281de- 0.dmhxu3song nuclear force and z8-ht1dsmds e3. dx02 s1uu phthe electric force?

What is the experimental evidence in favor of radio(nbuqr qr,m 2ltp 28cy0xo s6+lks 80tactivity being a nuclear process?xtno2s6mr ktc(0 u qy88 lq,slp+2br0

The isotope $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ is unusual in that it can decay by $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\alpha$ emission. What is the resulting nuclide for each case?

A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to a nucleus containing how many neutrons?

Describe, in as many ways as you can, the differed(e).n dshm -9avpp a2nce between $\alpha$, $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\gamma$ rays.

What element is formed by the radioactoy2 ,* my;y2jfyrfj 4iive decay of (a) $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}\ (\beta^+)$ (c) $_{84}^{210}\text{Po}\ (\alpha)$? [Hint: See Appendix B.]

What element is formed by the deca *qycrnc/6t ,.(eel ctn)fsw4sp+ p d/y of (a) $_{15}^{32}\text{P}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{16}^{35}\text{S}\ (\beta^-)$ (c) $_{83}^{210}\text{Bi}\ (\alpha)$?

Fill in the missing particl 47i za tra3s*isn(run c.r9:je or nucleus:
(a) $_{20}^{42}\text{Ca} \to _{19}^{42}\text{K} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(b) $_{29}^{58}\text{Cu} \to _{28}^{58}\text{Ni} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(c) $_{23}^{46}\text{V} \to _{24}^{46}\text{Cr} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$
(d) $_{94}^{238}\text{Pu} \to _{92}^{234}\text{U} + \alpha$
(e) $_{93}^{239}\text{Np} \to _{94}^{239}\text{Pu} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$

Immediately after a xu / +jq9sqif8wwusjh (70a- l$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to $_{90}^{234}\text{Th} + _{2}^{4}\text{He}$, the daughter thorium nucleus still has 92 electrons circling it. Since thorium normally holds only 90 electrons, what do you suppose happens to the two extra ones?

When a nucleus undergoes either tbt g+;b7c--f c+rgs c$\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

The alpha particles from a given alpha-emitting nuclide ff4-a/ l2: vnp6)u)e tugbqjtare generally monoenergetic; that is, they all have the same kinetic energy. But the beta particles from a beta-emitting nuclide have a )btg6 qa:f u-l2e vp)4utj/nfspectrum of energies. Explain the difference between these two cases.

Do isotopes that undergo electron capture generally lie abovo4zv ;aea ofu tlj07ak58 89ave or below the line of stability in (Fau;a tvka5vo4 0 ea 8zo78jl9fig. Below)?

Can hydrogen or deuterium emithf po q 9eqpf9*7*4;mhb3hj -/fpxgdz an $\alpha$ particle? Explain.

Why are many artificially produced radioactive isotopes rare in natur)w0e.qhwwck3groqca2m1(o i z1 +w e9e?

An isotope has a half-life of o i-kjhvymfw+,:b uue6;--j xp ne month. After two months, will a given sample of this is: - wueiu m--fp,y;bvj+xkhj 6otope have completely decayed? If not, how much remains?

Why are none of the elements . l.eqe/r4jz hwith $Z>92$ stable?

A proton strikes a $_{3}^{6}\text{Li}$ nucleus. As a result, an $\alpha$ particle and another particle are released. What is the other particle?

Can $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ dating be used to measure the age of stone walls and tablets of ancient civilizations? Explain.

In both internal conversion cqkk6 wfk88o5 and $\beta^-$ decay, an electron is emitted. How could you determine which decay process occurred?

  A pi meson has a mass wfz8;t 8p 1szfu70ynt of $139\ \text{MeV}/c^2$. What is this in atomic mass units? m =    u

  What is the approximate raik7m 05)ada xqdius of an alpha particle $(_{2}^{4}\text{He})$?r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

  What is the rest mass c1dr2x)wbo.bq : f(ro of a bare $\alpha$ particle in $\text{MeV}/c^2$? $m_{\alpha}$ =    $\ \text{MeV}/c^2$

  (a) What is the approximate radius of abb9 tin2r z)x+s)t;px $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ nucleus? r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$
(b) Approximately what is the value of A for a nucleus whose radius is $7.0\ \text{fm}$? A =   

  (a) Show that the density of nuclear matterhj5bj ,bx / g+j(lc ov+y*:vvq is essentially the same for all nucle xv+v5/j(:+j oc*ghj qbvy,l bi. $\rho$ =    $ \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3$
(b) What would be the radius of the Earth if it had its actual mass but had the density of nuclei? R =    m
(c) What would be the radius of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus if it had the density of the Earth? $r_{\text{U}} = $    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{m}$

  (a) What is the fraction of the : 5b-.wlvu*dud:xne)xsmqn 5 hydrogen atom's mass that is in the nucleus? $\dfrac{m_{\text{p}}}{(m_{\text{p}} + m_{\text{e}})}$ =   
(b) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's volume that is occupied by the nucleus? $\left( \dfrac{r_{\text{nucleus}}}{r_{\text{atom}}} \right)^3$ =    $ \times 10^{-14}$

  Approximately how many nuc.t, icbbht7qq,r 5c:aleons are there in a 1.0-kg object? Does it matter what bth7 a qc q,tr:5,b.icthe object is made of? Why or why not? N $\approx $    $\times 10^{26}$ nucleons

  How much energy must gxqg9 -g3vrf/ an $\alpha$ particle have to just "touch" the surface of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the total binding energy otkb c no*i0 .g1*e3pyof
(a) $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$    $ \times 10^{3}\ \text{MeV}$
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$.    MeV

  Use Appendix B to calculate the binding enh;.9i4hemo+ * yow7mtkpq a34 hccc) eergy of $_{1}^{2}\text{H}$ (deuterium). Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the binding eq b boew l+k5)4rapn7a( 6x:bynergy per nucleon for a $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$ nucleus.    MeV

  Determine the binding i0egtw3t:ll p l2 7vw1energy of the last neutron in a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus. Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the total binding energy, and the binding energy per nucleon, fo/ki*tg0-t4 oa7xqjnf2 l a(ox r
(a) $_{1}^{7}\text{H}$ Binding energy =    MeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$. Use Appendix B. Binding energy =    GeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV

  Compare the average binding energy of a +r1e8j;thfu6s am2u o nucleon in $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ to that in $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$.
the average binding energy per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon
the average binding force per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon

  How much energy is re0 qzwm3 yn0uta;ma*r g6;;zobquired to remove (a) a proton, Energy(p) =    MeV
(b) a neutron, from $_{8}^{16}\text{O}$? Energy(n) =    MeV
Explain the difference in your answers.

  (a) Show that the nucl-dgd(p (d.)gzb3 z p1cxa3 pjk- ,zedqeus $_{4}^{8}\text{Be}$ (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable and will decay into two $\alpha$ particles.
(b) Is $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ stable against decay into three $\alpha$ particles?  ----待选择----stableunstable 
Show why or why not.

  How much energy is release2-fla7zreo-mwafm 1sd9(v c 8d when tritium, $_{1}^{3}\text{H}$, decays by $\beta^-$ emission? Q =    MeV

  What is the maximum kineto d -b)g(p+lhvic energy of an electron emitted in the $\beta^-$ decay of a free neutron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

Show that the decay pd9t-tf 2j+i3c*(u0wypo w.fohwpl6 $_{6}^{11}\text{C} \to _{5}^{10}\text{B} + \text{p}$ is not possible because energy would not be conserved.

  $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}$ is radioactive. (a) Is it a $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ emitter?  ----待选择----$\beta^-$$\beta^+$ 
(b) Write down the decay reaction, and estimate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted $\beta$ particle. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Give the result of a calculation that shows wheth84ufnbp9 1)h , d+vc6r lmxxcfeo;og5er or not the following decays are possible: odg1fn);roc4 p +6hem,v x85xufl9b c
(a) $_{92}^{235}\text{U} \to _{92}^{236}\text{U} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(b) $_{8}^{16}\text{O} \to _{7}^{15}\text{N} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(c) $_{11}^{23}\text{Na} \to _{11}^{22}\text{Na} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 

  A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus emits an $\alpha$ particle with kinetic energy = 4.20 MeV. (a) What is the daughter nucleus, and (b) what is the approximate atomic mass (in u) of the daughter atom? Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus. $m(^{234}\text{Th}) =$    $\ \text{u}$

  When $_{10}^{23}\text{Ne}$ (mass = 22.9945 u) decays to $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ (mass = 22.9898 u) what is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV
What is its minimum energy?   
What is the energy of the neutrino in each case?    $\leq E_{\text{v}}\leq $    $\ \text{MeV}$
Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus.

  A nucleus of mass 238 u, initgj zt) /g4)by3 n,9anmgvk 5yfially at rest, emits an $\alpha$ particle with a KE of 5.0 MeV. What is the KE of the recoiling daughter nucleus? $\text{KE}_{\chi}$=    MeV

  What is the maximum KE of the 6*jpqzb *u) m8h m7zhgemitted $\beta^-$ particle during the decay of $_{27}^{60}\text{Co}$? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The nuclide $_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ decays by emitting an electron whose maximum kinetic energy can be 1.71 MeV.
(a) What is the daughter nucleus?
(b) Calculate the daughter's atomic mass (in u). m =    u

  The isotope $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ can decay by either $\alpha$ or $\beta^-$ emission. What is the energy release in each case?
The mass of $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ is 218.008965 u.
$\alpha$ =    MeV
$\beta^-$ =    MeV

  How much energy is released in electron capture by berylev r7;f) tr3krfmjy 8:lium: $_{4}^{7}\text{Be} + \text{e}^- \to _{3}^{7}\text{Li} + \nu$? Q =    MeV

  A photon with a wavek06 kp5vmbm w3length of $1.00 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{m}$ is ejected from an atom. Calculate its energy and explain why it is a $\gamma$ ray from the nucleus or a photon from the atom. E =    MeV

  Determine the maximum k6zqgry8.v4jgz3 qmn. - 6mg)lyfm6 ueinetic energy of $\beta^+$ particles released when $_{6}^{11}\text{C}$ decays to $_{5}^{11}\text{B}$. What is the maximum energy the neutrino can have? What is its minimum energy? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  How much recoil energy does a ka/ + ed2sbi:o$_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus get when it emits a 1.46-MeV gamma ray? $\text{KE}_{K}$ =    eV

  What is the energy oz r57c)z .a.ms vjnnmm/2 p9h/ xdam5pf the $\alpha$ particle emitted in the decay $_{84}^{210}\text{Po} \to _{82}^{206}\text{Pb} + \alpha$? Take into account the recoil of the daughter nucleus. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The $\alpha$ particle emitted when $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ decays has 4.20 MeV of kinetic energy. Calculate the recoil kinetic energy of the daughter nucleus and the Q-value of the decay.
$\text{KE}_{\text{Th}}$=    MeV
Q=    MeV

Show that when a nuclearnsgczt+gq7x *91 6yus decays by $\beta^+$ decay, the total energy released is equal to
$Q = (M_P - M_D - 2m_e)c^2$
where $M_P$ and $M_D$ are the masses of the parent and daughter atoms (neutral), and $m_e$ is the mass of an electron or positron.

   A radioactivematerial produces 1280 decays per minute at one time, and 4.6 h later produces320 decays per minute. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$=    h

  (a) What is the decay constant of(ifxr qd*l(8zbtb1 ,b2*izg s $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ whose half-life is $4.5 \times 10^9\ \text{yr}$? $\lambda$ =    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{yr}$
(b) The decay constant of a given nucleus is $8.2 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}^{-1}$. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ =    h

  What is the activity omc aj6w.u *r:m1vg( wkf a sample of $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ that contains $3.1 \times 10^{20}$ nuclei? $\dfrac{\Delta N}{\Delta t}$ =    $ \times 10^{9}\ \text{decays/s}$

  What fraction of a sample ofwp/z48dz k-f p/p,zlh $_{32}^{68}\text{Ge}$, whose half-life is about 9 months, will remain after 3.0 yr? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$ =   

  What fraction of a sample)5-tc0a-(j pwhwx4; )jrsd /vxvsi j;tyass5 is left after exactly 6 half-lives? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$=