What do different isotopes of a given element have in com-6d ieyvf vlmucd(5:3 ;scnc i3/ekc8rf7j t0mon? How are they diffejc nt5e 6ili(08vm;33dcs 7cuf/c -fd:rkveyrent?

What are the elements represented by the Xinkr w6v*+p7 i in the following: (a) $_{2}^{4}\text{He} + \text{X} \to _{7}^{14}\text{N}$ (b) $_{8}^{18}\text{X}$ (c) $_{92}^{238}\text{U} \to _{90}^{234}\text{Th} + \text{X}$ (d) $_{82}^{206}\text{X}$ (e) $_{82}^{207}\text{X}$

How many protons and howc,dkr;ti*co ; many neutrons do each of the isotopes in Question 2 have? c,i*rtd;c;o k

Identify the element thd/3tz cts .s/rat has 88 nucleons and 50 neutrons.

Why are the atomic masses of many elements iqtp gr35,fgw hfr-;8(see the periodic table) not close to whole f 3-pfqrti g8,rg;wh5 numbers?

How do we know there is such a thing as the strong nucl08tbpz,y1 y(6 pcjkgyear force?

What are the similarities and te.ke so2x4o wzvu,m+7he differences between the strong nuclear force and the electric forcso.xv, uo+4mkz2w7ee e?

What is the experimental evidence in favor of radioactivity being a nucle jups 217zrt1nt/bk7k ar procep7kntjsk z/1b ur172tss?

The isotope $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ is unusual in that it can decay by $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\alpha$ emission. What is the resulting nuclide for each case?

A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to a nucleus containing how many neutrons?

Describe, in as many ways as you can, thm- 3x g s;)dyym.uc, +9g5uez1mitdmwe difference between $\alpha$, $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\gamma$ rays.

What element is formed by the )fev s.;xfs(*x 8kofepsv)ky+uu0/k radioactive decay of (a) $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}\ (\beta^+)$ (c) $_{84}^{210}\text{Po}\ (\alpha)$? [Hint: See Appendix B.]

What element is formed tx.t 0 yf679+kg kwtxxby the decay of (a) $_{15}^{32}\text{P}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{16}^{35}\text{S}\ (\beta^-)$ (c) $_{83}^{210}\text{Bi}\ (\alpha)$?

Fill in the missing particle or nu2 +t0tlide 9btcleus:
(a) $_{20}^{42}\text{Ca} \to _{19}^{42}\text{K} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(b) $_{29}^{58}\text{Cu} \to _{28}^{58}\text{Ni} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(c) $_{23}^{46}\text{V} \to _{24}^{46}\text{Cr} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$
(d) $_{94}^{238}\text{Pu} \to _{92}^{234}\text{U} + \alpha$
(e) $_{93}^{239}\text{Np} \to _{94}^{239}\text{Pu} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$

Immediately after a .c.koc:v rv- l$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to $_{90}^{234}\text{Th} + _{2}^{4}\text{He}$, the daughter thorium nucleus still has 92 electrons circling it. Since thorium normally holds only 90 electrons, what do you suppose happens to the two extra ones?

When a nucleus undergoes eith9:tph1y/( k 8 zppcyhxer $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

The alpha particles from a given alpha-emitting nuclide are generally mohr w7-9xvh, ihnoenergetic; that is, they all have the same kinetic energy. But the beta particles from a beta-emitting nuclide have a spectrum of ehhh-v 9 xw7r,inergies. Explain the difference between these two cases.

Do isotopes that undergo electron capture gelc(vk 6l o 3u2gvlur:(nerally lie above or below the line of stability in (Fig.uvl362 k lvlgc:(u( or Below)?

Can hydrogen or deuterium emit an 5 e-xa-;s2fglb /nosc,s(p zj $\alpha$ particle? Explain.

Why are many artificially produced radioactive aw*6flruxz 99* 1yeol isotopes rare in nature?

An isotope has a half-life of one month. Aftxna2i1x,e u-:co0 cyder two months, will a given sample of this isotope have completely decayed? If xc-ocd:y,2n0iu 1axe not, how much remains?

Why are none of the elemen-pu4x7qal5 pmts with $Z>92$ stable?

A proton strikes a $_{3}^{6}\text{Li}$ nucleus. As a result, an $\alpha$ particle and another particle are released. What is the other particle?

Can $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ dating be used to measure the age of stone walls and tablets of ancient civilizations? Explain.

In both internal conversion andbu;dr ; q: y;zn8qy+ 5ponp2ms $\beta^-$ decay, an electron is emitted. How could you determine which decay process occurred?

  A pi meson has a mass of iy 8hit/m 8r2o$139\ \text{MeV}/c^2$. What is this in atomic mass units? m =    u

  What is the approximate radius of an alpha particlem1w 3f(sq0veuy bf)5s 0yezk; $(_{2}^{4}\text{He})$?r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

  What is the rest mass of a baref/ oy,i02bjofd z-39,zz qlca $\alpha$ particle in $\text{MeV}/c^2$? $m_{\alpha}$ =    $\ \text{MeV}/c^2$

  (a) What is the approxim z+lv/h,yxjq2:k+bj uate radius of a $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ nucleus? r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$
(b) Approximately what is the value of A for a nucleus whose radius is $7.0\ \text{fm}$? A =   

  (a) Show that the density of nuclear 5b)c;;xdew+r ts- vde)ns9cf e ;b85bi5c gq tmatter is essentially the same for all nucle) r;ee5cb9 twc- )bgd 5dxn;sqetvib;+c5 s8f i. $\rho$ =    $ \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3$
(b) What would be the radius of the Earth if it had its actual mass but had the density of nuclei? R =    m
(c) What would be the radius of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus if it had the density of the Earth? $r_{\text{U}} = $    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{m}$

  (a) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's mass that is in rde0obdf v )t/v2 13nqthe nucleus? $\dfrac{m_{\text{p}}}{(m_{\text{p}} + m_{\text{e}})}$ =   
(b) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's volume that is occupied by the nucleus? $\left( \dfrac{r_{\text{nucleus}}}{r_{\text{atom}}} \right)^3$ =    $ \times 10^{-14}$

  Approximately how many nucleons are there in a 1.0-kg object? /qa* kmc;i (v t8fh6bfDoes it matter what t/i 8c(hvt*6;fm bqakf he object is made of? Why or why not? N $\approx $    $\times 10^{26}$ nucleons

  How much energy mustl; znlc./ae) hg9hr i5 an $\alpha$ particle have to just "touch" the surface of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the total binding energy of f42 s-rifze4t
(a) $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$    $ \times 10^{3}\ \text{MeV}$
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$.    MeV

  Use Appendix B to calculate the binding energy j y;)1hi0natp of $_{1}^{2}\text{H}$ (deuterium). Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the binding e-j(a.- 7t gxy ntoocv0nergy per nucleon for a $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$ nucleus.    MeV

  Determine the binding energy of ve 1nq5*klz*4 fs ,8axle3 fkwthe last neutron in a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus. Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the total binding eh2jaq+ 87nzycnergy, and the binding energy per nucleon, for
(a) $_{1}^{7}\text{H}$ Binding energy =    MeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$. Use Appendix B. Binding energy =    GeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV

  Compare the average binding energy oq*jo jva)yw (l:.oh* day q(xrr4y31sf a nucleon in $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ to that in $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$.
the average binding energy per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon
the average binding force per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon

  How much energy is required to removek;oiso31os d 8so;a(0esc kf5 (a) a proton, Energy(p) =    MeV
(b) a neutron, from $_{8}^{16}\text{O}$? Energy(n) =    MeV
Explain the difference in your answers.

  (a) Show that the nuclep,cikz (tg:1+n-bcwfu+z 6 reus $_{4}^{8}\text{Be}$ (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable and will decay into two $\alpha$ particles.
(b) Is $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ stable against decay into three $\alpha$ particles?  ----待选择----stableunstable 
Show why or why not.

  How much energy is released when tritium,jjrgg o5i4-0 g/fqmi l,u;z :k $_{1}^{3}\text{H}$, decays by $\beta^-$ emission? Q =    MeV

  What is the maximum kinetic energy ofg, t kp:q0xgy4u +7uny an electron emitted in the $\beta^-$ decay of a free neutron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

Show that the decay hdh rnys 16a7m)c6t qa) 1ck1lxm:t4x$_{6}^{11}\text{C} \to _{5}^{10}\text{B} + \text{p}$ is not possible because energy would not be conserved.

  $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}$ is radioactive. (a) Is it a $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ emitter?  ----待选择----$\beta^-$$\beta^+$ 
(b) Write down the decay reaction, and estimate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted $\beta$ particle. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Give the result of aet 3bd1ucyb *t x6 *vdrs e7zr:7zl2l; calculation that shows whether or not the following decays are possible: :exytl su2 rzc1*etd7b67 d z v;3*lrb
(a) $_{92}^{235}\text{U} \to _{92}^{236}\text{U} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(b) $_{8}^{16}\text{O} \to _{7}^{15}\text{N} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(c) $_{11}^{23}\text{Na} \to _{11}^{22}\text{Na} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 

  A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus emits an $\alpha$ particle with kinetic energy = 4.20 MeV. (a) What is the daughter nucleus, and (b) what is the approximate atomic mass (in u) of the daughter atom? Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus. $m(^{234}\text{Th}) =$    $\ \text{u}$

  When $_{10}^{23}\text{Ne}$ (mass = 22.9945 u) decays to $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ (mass = 22.9898 u) what is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV
What is its minimum energy?   
What is the energy of the neutrino in each case?    $\leq E_{\text{v}}\leq $    $\ \text{MeV}$
Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus.

  A nucleus of mass 238 u, initially at rest, emits ph ft8j ce 1qwg90s-tj8;di. uan $\alpha$ particle with a KE of 5.0 MeV. What is the KE of the recoiling daughter nucleus? $\text{KE}_{\chi}$=    MeV

  What is the maximum KE of the e l5/goe9ud ovwbo j;;3mitted $\beta^-$ particle during the decay of $_{27}^{60}\text{Co}$? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The nuclide $_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ decays by emitting an electron whose maximum kinetic energy can be 1.71 MeV.
(a) What is the daughter nucleus?
(b) Calculate the daughter's atomic mass (in u). m =    u

  The isotope $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ can decay by either $\alpha$ or $\beta^-$ emission. What is the energy release in each case?
The mass of $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ is 218.008965 u.
$\alpha$ =    MeV
$\beta^-$ =    MeV

  How much energy is released in electron capture by berylliumuo 38tz;7xfxsom kt+ ;: $_{4}^{7}\text{Be} + \text{e}^- \to _{3}^{7}\text{Li} + \nu$? Q =    MeV

  A photon with a wavelength obk6-+mzzd jr4 f $1.00 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{m}$ is ejected from an atom. Calculate its energy and explain why it is a $\gamma$ ray from the nucleus or a photon from the atom. E =    MeV

  Determine the maximum kinetic ene/vh)mb0fa2n0 xb k( sargy of $\beta^+$ particles released when $_{6}^{11}\text{C}$ decays to $_{5}^{11}\text{B}$. What is the maximum energy the neutrino can have? What is its minimum energy? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  How much recoil energy does 0y h; gv7euawx6,ux x*a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus get when it emits a 1.46-MeV gamma ray? $\text{KE}_{K}$ =    eV

  What is the energy of c4i ntxllg4ah(6o2 /pthe $\alpha$ particle emitted in the decay $_{84}^{210}\text{Po} \to _{82}^{206}\text{Pb} + \alpha$? Take into account the recoil of the daughter nucleus. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The $\alpha$ particle emitted when $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ decays has 4.20 MeV of kinetic energy. Calculate the recoil kinetic energy of the daughter nucleus and the Q-value of the decay.
$\text{KE}_{\text{Th}}$=    MeV
Q=    MeV

Show that when a nuc m1 qn 3ww/+lnio3wo8eo7kqb*leus decays by $\beta^+$ decay, the total energy released is equal to
$Q = (M_P - M_D - 2m_e)c^2$
where $M_P$ and $M_D$ are the masses of the parent and daughter atoms (neutral), and $m_e$ is the mass of an electron or positron.

   A radioactivematerial produces 1280 decays per minute at one time, and 4.6 h later produces320 decays per minute. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$=    h

  (a) What is the decay constant of cwgwil v)v . c;*p.tk/$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ whose half-life is $4.5 \times 10^9\ \text{yr}$? $\lambda$ =    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{yr}$
(b) The decay constant of a given nucleus is $8.2 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}^{-1}$. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ =    h

  What is the activity of a m2 2n oqb x-y7wgm+k4qsample of $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ that contains $3.1 \times 10^{20}$ nuclei? $\dfrac{\Delta N}{\Delta t}$ =    $ \times 10^{9}\ \text{decays/s}$

  What fraction of a sample n5rc)+vm pld.xzz 1-h of $_{32}^{68}\text{Ge}$, whose half-life is about 9 months, will remain after 3.0 yr? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$ =   

  What fraction of a sample io(zsmiu;s:v7v3 rk9 qs left after exactly 6 half-lives? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$=