What do different isotopes of a given element have in comz q8 3mt*pn3ja6 5iwcamon? How are they different?mij5n3 z*q p8c3wta a6

What are the elements represented by the X in the fo :fvdbq;gcbah s5:jt65ppkj. w- n 77ollowing: (a) $_{2}^{4}\text{He} + \text{X} \to _{7}^{14}\text{N}$ (b) $_{8}^{18}\text{X}$ (c) $_{92}^{238}\text{U} \to _{90}^{234}\text{Th} + \text{X}$ (d) $_{82}^{206}\text{X}$ (e) $_{82}^{207}\text{X}$

How many protons and how many *.yv5su(y jkaneutrons do each of the isotopes in Question 2 have?. ya yv5jk(s*u

Identify the element that has 88 nuh 7qkq iads(::cleons and 50 neutrons.

Why are the atomic masses of many elements (see the periodic tx xj j,c/kop;t8ga,d;able) not close to w xtoc ;x, jd/a,;jgpk8hole numbers?

How do we know there is such a thing as the strong nuclear fom d3ku(n et-p0 gqgz:*rce?

What are the similarities and the differences beaqcs65hy sqq6eeaii1**6 nefi+ i7.ftween the strong nuclear force and the ele71aa6qs* esnyf.+i ie5e6 iq icqh6f*ctric force?

What is the experimenta+ e6gt(r nhr1ohhw; 5vl evidence in favor of radioactivity being a nuclear procer;r g(6ohn+1 htwevh5 ss?

The isotope $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ is unusual in that it can decay by $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\alpha$ emission. What is the resulting nuclide for each case?

A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to a nucleus containing how many neutrons?

Describe, in as many ways as you can, the d(zbn4et rr1,4a qd o (e+nak3rifference between $\alpha$, $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\gamma$ rays.

What element is formed by the radioactive decay of ( osom.b.6f x5rj.yap 7a) $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}\ (\beta^+)$ (c) $_{84}^{210}\text{Po}\ (\alpha)$? [Hint: See Appendix B.]

What element is formed fnf/axoqk olb ;a,,c: s*ty::by the decay of (a) $_{15}^{32}\text{P}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{16}^{35}\text{S}\ (\beta^-)$ (c) $_{83}^{210}\text{Bi}\ (\alpha)$?

Fill in the missing particlq eb8 gw96c.zk; 5mqhle or nucleus:
(a) $_{20}^{42}\text{Ca} \to _{19}^{42}\text{K} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(b) $_{29}^{58}\text{Cu} \to _{28}^{58}\text{Ni} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(c) $_{23}^{46}\text{V} \to _{24}^{46}\text{Cr} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$
(d) $_{94}^{238}\text{Pu} \to _{92}^{234}\text{U} + \alpha$
(e) $_{93}^{239}\text{Np} \to _{94}^{239}\text{Pu} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$

Immediately after a s87 ou*ztt e)i$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to $_{90}^{234}\text{Th} + _{2}^{4}\text{He}$, the daughter thorium nucleus still has 92 electrons circling it. Since thorium normally holds only 90 electrons, what do you suppose happens to the two extra ones?

When a nucleus undergoesojmb-n z7 z s :6.wpp.ue:z3mp either $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

The alpha particles from a givdqt2)/w+cb kpe4v0wv en alpha-emitting nuclide are generally monoenergetic; that is, they all have the same kinetic energy. But the beta particles from a beta-emitting nuclide have a spectrum oe0 b+v 4c/d)wwtqp2kv f energies. Explain the difference between these two cases.

Do isotopes that undergo elec8ycp5x;1+f g6- bycc8xt4fa +jr z zeetron capture generally lie above or below the line of stabc+ab1 +fex5c;tr8 cyz - pxy6fz4eg8jility in (Fig. Below)?

Can hydrogen or deutwr,c*u7,hzam,q(q 6k7jjzteerium emit an $\alpha$ particle? Explain.

Why are many artificially8v( .n+awx den produced radioactive isotopes rare in nature?

An isotope has a half-life of one mon6 /o8gq bjbsfdi;)q3kth. After two months, will a given sample of this isotod)jksbiqo b 8qg6;/3fpe have completely decayed? If not, how much remains?

Why are none of the elemhib9a+kz. 63ye 5:x:o 9ppyi )jckznjents with $Z>92$ stable?

A proton strikes a $_{3}^{6}\text{Li}$ nucleus. As a result, an $\alpha$ particle and another particle are released. What is the other particle?

Can $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ dating be used to measure the age of stone walls and tablets of ancient civilizations? Explain.

In both internal conversion+hm -6n luennmb3p+-x and $\beta^-$ decay, an electron is emitted. How could you determine which decay process occurred?

  A pi meson has a mas)1v7yzi-ge xn: 7sqyqs of $139\ \text{MeV}/c^2$. What is this in atomic mass units? m =    u

  What is the approximate xk,os320,wt t1lw (whd(nr mr radius of an alpha particle $(_{2}^{4}\text{He})$?r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

  What is the rest mass ofoj6 +zliy-cnqb9 vifm)*xv*2 a bare $\alpha$ particle in $\text{MeV}/c^2$? $m_{\alpha}$ =    $\ \text{MeV}/c^2$

  (a) What is the approximate radius t6qnh)3: m whct5qo hw145szgof a $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ nucleus? r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$
(b) Approximately what is the value of A for a nucleus whose radius is $7.0\ \text{fm}$? A =   

  (a) Show that the density of nuclear matter is essend 4l)(+-djvy( m inycttially the same for all nuclei.i ym(ljcdyd n-+v4)t ( $\rho$ =    $ \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3$
(b) What would be the radius of the Earth if it had its actual mass but had the density of nuclei? R =    m
(c) What would be the radius of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus if it had the density of the Earth? $r_{\text{U}} = $    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{m}$

  (a) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's mass that is in the nuclen6bx4l1hza 8w8eq wf)us? $\dfrac{m_{\text{p}}}{(m_{\text{p}} + m_{\text{e}})}$ =   
(b) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's volume that is occupied by the nucleus? $\left( \dfrac{r_{\text{nucleus}}}{r_{\text{atom}}} \right)^3$ =    $ \times 10^{-14}$

  Approximately how many nucleon0k4vim5s df7 sg u5sz1s are there in a 1.0-kg object? Does it matter what the object isuf4 zs0 5di7sm1vk5gs made of? Why or why not? N $\approx $    $\times 10^{26}$ nucleons

  How much energy must an 58qgmt329sax)nwi ,l zezkm4$\alpha$ particle have to just "touch" the surface of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the total bind1c8 o1) mmpvxxing energy of
(a) $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$    $ \times 10^{3}\ \text{MeV}$
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$.    MeV

  Use Appendix B to calculate the biniplp ypb-i 1(*ding energy of $_{1}^{2}\text{H}$ (deuterium). Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the binding energy pertztoq4r(0- /91d astk+0uq lpnbgfq/ nucleon for a $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$ nucleus.    MeV

  Determine the binding kq uco6z)o.3 w +ofct+energy of the last neutron in a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus. Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the total binding energy, and the binding energy* 5ldb j65gfm7kgfyk( per nucleon, for
(a) $_{1}^{7}\text{H}$ Binding energy =    MeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$. Use Appendix B. Binding energy =    GeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV

  Compare the average binding energy of a nucleonz -h67z on- c(r(btkrm in $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ to that in $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$.
the average binding energy per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon
the average binding force per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon

  How much energy is required hmiy(46ks3 f1kdnqh l3 j ,/o:hw sn+dto remove (a) a proton, Energy(p) =    MeV
(b) a neutron, from $_{8}^{16}\text{O}$? Energy(n) =    MeV
Explain the difference in your answers.

  (a) Show that the nucleus jm3-5r3r3 uu0a fmivu$_{4}^{8}\text{Be}$ (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable and will decay into two $\alpha$ particles.
(b) Is $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ stable against decay into three $\alpha$ particles?  ----待选择----stableunstable 
Show why or why not.

  How much energy is released when tritiumpa1:tkfagc80nu k- 7 w, $_{1}^{3}\text{H}$, decays by $\beta^-$ emission? Q =    MeV

  What is the maximum kinetic energy of an electron emitted in b2l5q)lrsg92 cql w4athe $\beta^-$ decay of a free neutron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

Show that the decay f t1cp s +1xrp:fu9*9lk sh0iz$_{6}^{11}\text{C} \to _{5}^{10}\text{B} + \text{p}$ is not possible because energy would not be conserved.

  $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}$ is radioactive. (a) Is it a $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ emitter?  ----待选择----$\beta^-$$\beta^+$ 
(b) Write down the decay reaction, and estimate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted $\beta$ particle. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Give the result of a calculation that shows whether or not the following decays 8 qhxint6 i27 g(y80u nlbbt5tare 76ngt8 8bi5(2hlty u b0ixtnqpossible:
(a) $_{92}^{235}\text{U} \to _{92}^{236}\text{U} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(b) $_{8}^{16}\text{O} \to _{7}^{15}\text{N} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(c) $_{11}^{23}\text{Na} \to _{11}^{22}\text{Na} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 

  A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus emits an $\alpha$ particle with kinetic energy = 4.20 MeV. (a) What is the daughter nucleus, and (b) what is the approximate atomic mass (in u) of the daughter atom? Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus. $m(^{234}\text{Th}) =$    $\ \text{u}$

  When $_{10}^{23}\text{Ne}$ (mass = 22.9945 u) decays to $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ (mass = 22.9898 u) what is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV
What is its minimum energy?   
What is the energy of the neutrino in each case?    $\leq E_{\text{v}}\leq $    $\ \text{MeV}$
Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus.

  A nucleus of mass 238 u, initially at resth. 7c*ohll:*zhk:/x pz 4y ap8vq/aop, emits an $\alpha$ particle with a KE of 5.0 MeV. What is the KE of the recoiling daughter nucleus? $\text{KE}_{\chi}$=    MeV

  What is the maximum KE of the emitted ly:.wvlvu x 5k/)jt9)jz o01 h wsei;i$\beta^-$ particle during the decay of $_{27}^{60}\text{Co}$? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The nuclide $_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ decays by emitting an electron whose maximum kinetic energy can be 1.71 MeV.
(a) What is the daughter nucleus?
(b) Calculate the daughter's atomic mass (in u). m =    u

  The isotope $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ can decay by either $\alpha$ or $\beta^-$ emission. What is the energy release in each case?
The mass of $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ is 218.008965 u.
$\alpha$ =    MeV
$\beta^-$ =    MeV

  How much energy is released in electron cap jeijd15c),svqj(57to a t t7gture by beryllium: $_{4}^{7}\text{Be} + \text{e}^- \to _{3}^{7}\text{Li} + \nu$? Q =    MeV

  A photon with a waveleng5jvmm 49 8:c; zj kk4d7bf2 ibonnid:pth of $1.00 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{m}$ is ejected from an atom. Calculate its energy and explain why it is a $\gamma$ ray from the nucleus or a photon from the atom. E =    MeV

  Determine the maximum kineticj v d.o:3 p3sntv5wcu- energy of $\beta^+$ particles released when $_{6}^{11}\text{C}$ decays to $_{5}^{11}\text{B}$. What is the maximum energy the neutrino can have? What is its minimum energy? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  How much recoil energy does aj g: y24qw ix/dmke;w7+s /oau $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus get when it emits a 1.46-MeV gamma ray? $\text{KE}_{K}$ =    eV

  What is the energy of fluvr: i+00luthe $\alpha$ particle emitted in the decay $_{84}^{210}\text{Po} \to _{82}^{206}\text{Pb} + \alpha$? Take into account the recoil of the daughter nucleus. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The $\alpha$ particle emitted when $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ decays has 4.20 MeV of kinetic energy. Calculate the recoil kinetic energy of the daughter nucleus and the Q-value of the decay.
$\text{KE}_{\text{Th}}$=    MeV
Q=    MeV

Show that when a nucleus dhi8.ys 7fl:qve,+pcof vrh ))ecays by $\beta^+$ decay, the total energy released is equal to
$Q = (M_P - M_D - 2m_e)c^2$
where $M_P$ and $M_D$ are the masses of the parent and daughter atoms (neutral), and $m_e$ is the mass of an electron or positron.

   A radioactivematerial produces 1280 decays per minute at one time, and 4.6 h later produces320 decays per minute. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$=    h

  (a) What is the decay co vb1x/j(;dm rgnstant of $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ whose half-life is $4.5 \times 10^9\ \text{yr}$? $\lambda$ =    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{yr}$
(b) The decay constant of a given nucleus is $8.2 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}^{-1}$. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ =    h

  What is the activity of a saxo 5-poq8inr+ e 6qj5hmple of $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ that contains $3.1 \times 10^{20}$ nuclei? $\dfrac{\Delta N}{\Delta t}$ =    $ \times 10^{9}\ \text{decays/s}$

  What fraction of a sample :t-ros *z4 e 6:ffczrhof $_{32}^{68}\text{Ge}$, whose half-life is about 9 months, will remain after 3.0 yr? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$ =   

  What fraction of a sample is left after exactly 6 half-livl9r d-a/n zm(wes? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$=