What do different isotopesdv9 x:f/.nlbs of a given element have in common? How are they differe.9:d xs/nbfvlnt?

What are the elements represented by the X in the following: (e8 cusb 8zr5w1w-w,iea) $_{2}^{4}\text{He} + \text{X} \to _{7}^{14}\text{N}$ (b) $_{8}^{18}\text{X}$ (c) $_{92}^{238}\text{U} \to _{90}^{234}\text{Th} + \text{X}$ (d) $_{82}^{206}\text{X}$ (e) $_{82}^{207}\text{X}$

How many protons and how many rn;uf* k -.8qn 2n xjir.zux4ineutrons do each of the isotopes in Question 2 have. j.kz8 uni n-x xi;unr4fr2*q?

Identify the element that has 88 nucleons and 5za.t +cdcpj7 g23+haf0 neutrons.

Why are the atomic masses of many elements (see the periodic table) not cwl ;snb9c3iz2h q gp86lose to whole numbe3l68 s9wbighqncz ;2p rs?

How do we know there is such a thing)0 juq- .axugnza l2n7 as the strong nuclear force?

What are the similarities and the differenm94 cp2g/7) n6 2kymk9e0 pnfcyoxdsh ces between the strong nuclear force and the m7 n2c/py2mg)kof0yec 9pdnhkx4 s 96electric force?

What is the experimental evidence in favor of radioactivity being a nuclear ptw +s6e9bt;yh roc+t9e sw6yb h;tess?

The isotope $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ is unusual in that it can decay by $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\alpha$ emission. What is the resulting nuclide for each case?

A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to a nucleus containing how many neutrons?

Describe, in as many ways as you can, the difference betwee ywy3n,0u dmi bh3j:8yn $\alpha$, $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\gamma$ rays.

What element is formed i ydazy3,x(8lby the radioactive decay of (a) $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}\ (\beta^+)$ (c) $_{84}^{210}\text{Po}\ (\alpha)$? [Hint: See Appendix B.]

What element is formed by the detikls ,-di:4p cay of (a) $_{15}^{32}\text{P}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{16}^{35}\text{S}\ (\beta^-)$ (c) $_{83}^{210}\text{Bi}\ (\alpha)$?

Fill in the missing particle or nucleus: :ll uh:wp8uuu8hl ,-j: j:ik o
(a) $_{20}^{42}\text{Ca} \to _{19}^{42}\text{K} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(b) $_{29}^{58}\text{Cu} \to _{28}^{58}\text{Ni} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(c) $_{23}^{46}\text{V} \to _{24}^{46}\text{Cr} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$
(d) $_{94}^{238}\text{Pu} \to _{92}^{234}\text{U} + \alpha$
(e) $_{93}^{239}\text{Np} \to _{94}^{239}\text{Pu} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$

Immediately after a ,*:jsxe; q(j+oq zgw 8d+qmhv$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to $_{90}^{234}\text{Th} + _{2}^{4}\text{He}$, the daughter thorium nucleus still has 92 electrons circling it. Since thorium normally holds only 90 electrons, what do you suppose happens to the two extra ones?

When a nucleus undery4v .+h9 fxa c276p alvqphi:hgoes either $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

The alpha particles from a given abdf; 4 . oz p332k0qvxpgt5tchlpha-emitting nuclide are generally monoenergetic; that is, they all have the0o34k2xvfcgqt5 zh ;p. db3t p same kinetic energy. But the beta particles from a beta-emitting nuclide have a spectrum of energies. Explain the difference between these two cases.

Do isotopes that underg *6; :menxsu mx5a1dwdo electron capture generally lie above or below the line of stability in (Fig. Below)? wx:5xdde nam*;s61mu

Can hydrogen or deut:zt9 w5zr*tfx erium emit an $\alpha$ particle? Explain.

Why are many artificially produced radioactive iso/6 ro9 gdoti,gtopes rare in nature?

An isotope has a half-life of one month. After two months, will a given 5k1i (,z(5ouc eh0u (pslmkg asample of this isotope have completely decay,5h(ie spzkg5ul a0(o uc1(km ed? If not, how much remains?

Why are none of the elements with *d)7sqqks2qen.tu 6jv zq/ ;m$Z>92$ stable?

A proton strikes a $_{3}^{6}\text{Li}$ nucleus. As a result, an $\alpha$ particle and another particle are released. What is the other particle?

Can $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ dating be used to measure the age of stone walls and tablets of ancient civilizations? Explain.

In both internal conver9rz f:av jw73+5wu kttsion and $\beta^-$ decay, an electron is emitted. How could you determine which decay process occurred?

  A pi meson has a mass oeh/r6 ux ( j7j bq9z*y)ythpj;f $139\ \text{MeV}/c^2$. What is this in atomic mass units? m =    u

  What is the approximate radius of an alp: th3uj0lb(rfa lua +o8 i/p.wha particle $(_{2}^{4}\text{He})$?r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

  What is the rest mass of9 c 6oydxey *h)gwioq:gxz ,byv;(im , .f0jo+ a bare $\alpha$ particle in $\text{MeV}/c^2$? $m_{\alpha}$ =    $\ \text{MeV}/c^2$

  (a) What is the approx 3c8sogp*w7 9 vbk9atjimate radius of a $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ nucleus? r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$
(b) Approximately what is the value of A for a nucleus whose radius is $7.0\ \text{fm}$? A =   

  (a) Show that the density of nuclear matter is essentially the same for :o-nf zih c0(v4 tf95mqc f/a 5xlkopidqu8-,all nuclei. pf qvo(q-/ia9m0k 5h5, 84:-dnfzl xc ftciuo$\rho$ =    $ \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3$
(b) What would be the radius of the Earth if it had its actual mass but had the density of nuclei? R =    m
(c) What would be the radius of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus if it had the density of the Earth? $r_{\text{U}} = $    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{m}$

  (a) What is the fractiontl5 ;8f n n4;u ga.b6w wisd0mbj6imn- of the hydrogen atom's mass that is in the nucleus? $\dfrac{m_{\text{p}}}{(m_{\text{p}} + m_{\text{e}})}$ =   
(b) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's volume that is occupied by the nucleus? $\left( \dfrac{r_{\text{nucleus}}}{r_{\text{atom}}} \right)^3$ =    $ \times 10^{-14}$

  Approximately how many nucleons areyof 6n0q0nbx; 64jcqxf .ztm5 there in a 1.0-kg object? Does it matter wha654n6;c 0 b x.qmnxq0 ytojzfft the object is made of? Why or why not? N $\approx $    $\times 10^{26}$ nucleons

  How much energy must anb.xvt hl lc73x b7oj*0 $\alpha$ particle have to just "touch" the surface of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the totntli)et va/ s 8;8t,exo;wi:wlz*2cr al binding energy of
(a) $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$    $ \times 10^{3}\ \text{MeV}$
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$.    MeV

  Use Appendix B to calculate the biltm0r -8 w /s xuwt10e9*ykhvsnding energy of $_{1}^{2}\text{H}$ (deuterium). Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for a dky9+ts:zk+s+a/ w uz $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$ nucleus.    MeV

  Determine the binding energy of the last neutron in a fkd-sy ols,a2h6) sb9$_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus. Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the total binding energy, and the binding energy 2cuml: /kv 0mdre07oaper nucleon, for
(a) $_{1}^{7}\text{H}$ Binding energy =    MeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$. Use Appendix B. Binding energy =    GeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV

  Compare the average binding enc: 14 *h82ckz m5o)cxcogxyd vergy of a nucleon in $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ to that in $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$.
the average binding energy per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon
the average binding force per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon

  How much energy is required to rd jxt 76u)xcr:m) xviyi,bt8.emove (a) a proton, Energy(p) =    MeV
(b) a neutron, from $_{8}^{16}\text{O}$? Energy(n) =    MeV
Explain the difference in your answers.

  (a) Show that the nucleu1wkfaz qbyv+; x36*o ns $_{4}^{8}\text{Be}$ (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable and will decay into two $\alpha$ particles.
(b) Is $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ stable against decay into three $\alpha$ particles?  ----待选择----stableunstable 
Show why or why not.

  How much energy is released weejd3-cl g2u; q*pk /iadvn(1hen tritium, $_{1}^{3}\text{H}$, decays by $\beta^-$ emission? Q =    MeV

  What is the maximum kinetic energy of an elec ck r):ruo/t.5x dod8utron emitted in the $\beta^-$ decay of a free neutron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

Show that the decay o lnd.wd09nd6 kb bamxvf7j ss0/i/u5vz0;h0$_{6}^{11}\text{C} \to _{5}^{10}\text{B} + \text{p}$ is not possible because energy would not be conserved.

  $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}$ is radioactive. (a) Is it a $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ emitter?  ----待选择----$\beta^-$$\beta^+$ 
(b) Write down the decay reaction, and estimate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted $\beta$ particle. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Give the result of a calculation that shows whether or not6a0bu8 rv f6dz the following decays avz60af bu86r dre possible:
(a) $_{92}^{235}\text{U} \to _{92}^{236}\text{U} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(b) $_{8}^{16}\text{O} \to _{7}^{15}\text{N} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(c) $_{11}^{23}\text{Na} \to _{11}^{22}\text{Na} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 

  A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus emits an $\alpha$ particle with kinetic energy = 4.20 MeV. (a) What is the daughter nucleus, and (b) what is the approximate atomic mass (in u) of the daughter atom? Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus. $m(^{234}\text{Th}) =$    $\ \text{u}$

  When $_{10}^{23}\text{Ne}$ (mass = 22.9945 u) decays to $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ (mass = 22.9898 u) what is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV
What is its minimum energy?   
What is the energy of the neutrino in each case?    $\leq E_{\text{v}}\leq $    $\ \text{MeV}$
Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus.

  A nucleus of mass 238 u, initialls;a .pjc+z.nsr;.ce v+fz6k r y at rest, emits an $\alpha$ particle with a KE of 5.0 MeV. What is the KE of the recoiling daughter nucleus? $\text{KE}_{\chi}$=    MeV

  What is the maximum KE of the p x0 (t-32 sf-agqyglsemitted $\beta^-$ particle during the decay of $_{27}^{60}\text{Co}$? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The nuclide $_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ decays by emitting an electron whose maximum kinetic energy can be 1.71 MeV.
(a) What is the daughter nucleus?
(b) Calculate the daughter's atomic mass (in u). m =    u

  The isotope $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ can decay by either $\alpha$ or $\beta^-$ emission. What is the energy release in each case?
The mass of $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ is 218.008965 u.
$\alpha$ =    MeV
$\beta^-$ =    MeV

  How much energy is r;ty4zg z(cb x0a* 7cux,ja j4g3 4bphgeleased in electron capture by beryllium: $_{4}^{7}\text{Be} + \text{e}^- \to _{3}^{7}\text{Li} + \nu$? Q =    MeV

  A photon with a wavels vg ,bnwn5y).tdo6o: ength of $1.00 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{m}$ is ejected from an atom. Calculate its energy and explain why it is a $\gamma$ ray from the nucleus or a photon from the atom. E =    MeV

  Determine the maximum kinetic /:9fnj+h ww5gh3xsl lenergy of $\beta^+$ particles released when $_{6}^{11}\text{C}$ decays to $_{5}^{11}\text{B}$. What is the maximum energy the neutrino can have? What is its minimum energy? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  How much recoil energ 9pky)z fge pe(ya4l 48p93wuey does a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus get when it emits a 1.46-MeV gamma ray? $\text{KE}_{K}$ =    eV

  What is the energy of yypon.kp8j+3 g ,2a3gh3;a n b/ydhyuthe $\alpha$ particle emitted in the decay $_{84}^{210}\text{Po} \to _{82}^{206}\text{Pb} + \alpha$? Take into account the recoil of the daughter nucleus. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The $\alpha$ particle emitted when $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ decays has 4.20 MeV of kinetic energy. Calculate the recoil kinetic energy of the daughter nucleus and the Q-value of the decay.
$\text{KE}_{\text{Th}}$=    MeV
Q=    MeV

Show that when a nucleus de:re5y wh-6 ;fzmu:fmhl )k l)rcays by $\beta^+$ decay, the total energy released is equal to
$Q = (M_P - M_D - 2m_e)c^2$
where $M_P$ and $M_D$ are the masses of the parent and daughter atoms (neutral), and $m_e$ is the mass of an electron or positron.

   A radioactivematerial produces 1280 decays per minute at one time, and 4.6 h later produces320 decays per minute. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$=    h

  (a) What is the decay constant of t2ounf 8- s2:qb;xcti$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ whose half-life is $4.5 \times 10^9\ \text{yr}$? $\lambda$ =    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{yr}$
(b) The decay constant of a given nucleus is $8.2 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}^{-1}$. What is its half-life? $T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ =    h

  What is the activity of a sahxs8l0o8)s o g-rn7rvmple of $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ that contains $3.1 \times 10^{20}$ nuclei? $\dfrac{\Delta N}{\Delta t}$ =    $ \times 10^{9}\ \text{decays/s}$

  What fraction of a sample of 0a,y(r ex*w+s g fqq1j$_{32}^{68}\text{Ge}$, whose half-life is about 9 months, will remain after 3.0 yr? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$ =   

  What fraction of a sample is left after exactl/e xfuee/ ys3jnf)7j6y 6 half-lives? $\dfrac{N}{N_0}$=