Which of the following physical quantities has the gyi01bk eq,,:p iwj- t*cmp5bcs9 *ldsame SI unit as the radioactive dselip:k-0 g*b j9b ,5dcq1t i,cwpm*yecay constant?

  The diagram below shows the graph of binding energy d2ggxvu )bfi3*:l z6 c22ge6ol ;kjnuper nucleon vs. the mass (nucleon) number of some elem3ngz22u:*2lxgkb)e iv ;ugfcd o6l6j ents.

Which is the most stable nucleus?

  A student uses the arrangement shown below to ascertain the typ 2,ek6ydo v .3wvguooc883xrz e of radiation emitted by a given sample of radioactive 3 yrcxd6ov,ow8g.8ue3 ov zk2material.

The SI unit of radioactive decay constant is $s^{−1}$, which is the same as that of frequency.When the sheet of paper is in the position shown, a count rate of 720 Bq is recorded. When she lowers the thick sheet of paper so as to obstruct the direct path between the source and the detector, the count rate drops to 18 Bq. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the data collected?

  The binding energy of w7a x8pn 3b;l6uiql+;a wpd.4m6c pxs$^4_2He$ is 28 MeV. What is its binding energy per nucleon?

  In the absence of the strong nuclear force, a large nucleus would be even zwp :s ;a z7e7dnd9jtt8 4blx4more unstable than a small nucleus. Which one of the following is the best expla d t n7a4t;wz9 e48d:xbjlspz7nation?

  An element X is bombarded wit 1jh6rgf6n+ci)vu bnm)g(t84b k y4osh alpha particles and a new element Y is formed with a neutron emitted. The following equation can be writte1cf8yh+uinb4 n g6)sg6m( 4ov tjkbr)n for the nuclear reaction.

The atomic numbers of X and Y are A and B respectively. Which of the following is correct for A and B?

  Consider the following statement dqeeexu 30-h5s about nuclear binding energy:
The nuclear binding energy is:
I. proportional to the mass defect from nucleus formation.
II. the energy released when a nucleus is formed from its nucleons.
III. the energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus.
Which of the statements are correct?

  A nuclide of a radioactive element Q can bn-c.75ij fh cse represented as $^{234}_{90}Q$. The nuclide undergoes two negative beta decays and one alpha decay. Which of the following configurations correctly represents the daughter nuclide R?

The graph shows the variation of the measur i5e;kfyrz70/ foo fzwkfy9n*oy ;;a8ed activity of an isotope sample with time.*5fkeoioyw;9z yf8yo0rk f z7 a;f;n/

1.State what is meant by activity.
2.Explain why the activity graph doesn’t approach zero as time increases.
3.The activity graph is corrected so as to reach zero as time increases as shown below.

(1)Determine the half-life of the sample.
(2)The initial mass of this sample was 248 g. Determine the time that would elapse before 31 g of the sample remained.

  A 1.20 kg sample of a radioactive isotope decahlieer 6e sa-g qu832n4,cgi9 ying via beta decay with a half-life of 30 minutes is observed in a closed container in a laboratory. The decay results in a daughter nucleus that is also a solid. What ise8ueqh 96a3 l-e4 srcni2,igg the approximate total mass measured after 90 minutes?

  The activity of a 10f7.t1xh fjwru)g k2l* 0% pure radioactive sample is $10^6\,Bq$. The activity of the sample after 20% of nuclei have decayed is:

  During experiments observing beta det)lrzy(u*xiq k 0fxk+n.o/w3cv 6l0m4x n6z xcays, it was seen that the energy spectrum of the beta particles is continuous and momentum conservation was violated in beta decays. 4(ulw l nvx+xz0rzoxci6k) 0fmq y /6.*x3kntThis provided evidence for the existence of:

  Which of the following radioactive decays can causej p+m2psf.r, gec53gq the production of a daughter nucleus to be a different element than t 3qm crgg2 fs.pe,5j+phe parent nucleus?
I. α decay
II. β decay
III. γ decay

  A pure radioactive sample of mass m has a decay consbx am9:lx n qstq0x0. :c/zty9tant of λ. Its activity is given by A. Another pure sample of the same material has a mass 2m. Consider the following statements about the sample of mass 2m aftqnmx xxats99yc.t/ lz 00q:b:er an interval of two half lives.
I. The decay constant is $\frac{λ}{2}$​.
II. The activity is $\frac{A}{2}$​.
III. The mass of decayed nucleons in the sample is $\frac{m}{2}$​.
Which of the statements is/are correct?

  The binding energy per nuclet 6q 5gw-jpsy4on of a $^A_ZX$ nucleus is E. What is the mass defect for the formation of X from its constituent nucleons?

1.The following reaction tar:zzy r22f i1; kf7xwjkes place in a nuclear reactor:
$^{235}_{92}U$+$^1_0n$→$^{144}_{56}Ba$+$^{89}_{36}Kr$+$3^1_0n$
(1)Differentiate between fission and fusion reactions.
(2)Determine whether this reaction is a nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
2.The following data is given for this reaction:
The binding energy per nucleon of $235^​U$ = 7.59 MeV
The binding energy per nucleon of $144​^Ba$ = 8.27 MeV
The binding energy per nucleon of $89^​Kr$ = 8.62 MeV
Calculate the energy released from this reaction.

  A nucleus $A^​$X has a mass defect of N unified atomic mass units, Nu. What is the correct expression for its binding energy per nucleon?

  1.Uranium-235 $(^{235}_{92}​U)$ has a nuclear mass of 235.044 u.
(1)State what is meant by mass defect.
(2)Calculate the mass defect of uranium-235. $δ$ =    $u$
2.(1)Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of uranium-235. $binding energy per nucleon$ =    $MeV$
(2)On the axes given, sketch the variation of the binding energy per nucleon with the nucleon number. Label the position of uranium-235. There is no need to add numbers to the axes.

3.Uranium-235 ( $^{235}_{92}​U$) decays into thorium-231 ( $^{231}_{90}Th$).
Determine which nuclide has a higher binding energy per nucleon. Use the graph to justify your answer.

1.Define decay constante 3hhrykakhl/6e*x5 /.
2.Mushrooms contain a radioactive element called caesium-137, $^{137}_P{55}$​Cs . The element has a half-life of 30$yr$ and a sample of living mushrooms has a constant decay rate of 2000 2000Bq for every kg of mass. A sample of 50g is extracted from a dried mushroom and the activity is measured as 0.80Bq.
(1)Caesium-137 decays to barium-137, $^{137}_{56}Ba$, by beta emission. Complete the nuclear reaction equation of this decay, showing both particles emitted in the decay.
$^{137}_P{55}$​Cs→ ______ +$^{137}_{56}Ba$ + ______
(2)Show that the decay constant of caesium-137 is about 0.023 $yr^{−1}$.
(3)Given that the amount of caesium in the mushroom stops being replenished once the mushroom is no longer living, determine the age of the dried mushroom.
3.Some other radioactive substances have half-lives of thousands of years. Outline the method used for determining the half-life of these kinds of substances.

  A stationary nucleus of uranium q8 2kcnzys,h8-238 undergoes alpha decay to form thorium-234. The initial speed of the alpha ph2 nzcq 88,yksarticle is v. What is correct about the magnitude of the thorium-234 velocity and its direction?

The plutonium isotop2sv*/c4pzx)efw/ .uk kb aa d(e $^{238}_{94}​Pu undergoes alpha decay.

1.Define isotope.
2.Rewrite this decay equation, filling in any missing information.
3.Plutonium undergoes a decay series. The graph below shows a part of this decay series.

(1)One type of decay cannot be represented on this diagram. Outline this type of decay and justify your answer.
(2)State the type of decay of $^{230}_{90}​Th$ that is represented on the diagram above. Justify your answer.
(3)Isotope X undergoes an alpha decay followed by a beta minus decay to produce isotope Y. Label the position of isotope Y on the diagram.
4.Compare the penetrating powers of alpha, beta and gamma radiation.