Which of the statements below gives a corre2 m(ca wkh7g 71npvhjv *);fpnct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following u:x.4 kt4,(uxio1 ie 4itlv,pv5 huzgp1zm+wcan behave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is 02 gph gu5t6cuv wa7w.5a5 kgf mhgt 1bpb)s)-shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic propzyc/ y+zta ds :j2f456fyzhs4 erty of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of v c 5;ss+hyrnc+anadium in the periodic table, as shown below:;h cn 5++sycrs

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured sol0efwsc4,eoz5 utions when dissolved in waterc,e5w4fz0oes ?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation re x f*zahcs6jmj-n( :5zpresents the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential ouh(,4v p2quj component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic dueieb) k2ainb2xh9 u) jh leh2l8mlh9 (3 to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the l/(zveb6vr ph5 east attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a cova /bz6 e5(pvvhrlent bond?

  Which of the followingevhw3xk*. j97jp ihz1 is NOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first row of the ,4tcj.,g ibjpah0l.1 0j: w7tdzqo zw $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a solutie217 a i2gby*lksex6c8)pm xoon that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic components, such as 0z ;*( ged d7qdp3mx;nm6s e;b:w lolpsolar cells and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definit snd(ml;ox q pm:7e36pbz;*wd0e g l;dion of a metalloid?

1.The valence electronsut.qawlfas lg9*hun qt05j8 b 0.u. o2 in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the valence electrons qtsqgu a5*fn. 0.l0.thb2j9uwo8alu in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements*wxqy4ms d-/ow /tgk2 has the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/are tru)8x7 k rwif2yke?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases 6+ggr(3sgmuh /)x7 v8zuox ze down the group. The two main factors causing this trend a3rxz)uz/g sex u +h8mgvg7o(6re:

  The electron affinity of carfyys6y) *r v5bbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the f4 gr8zjhu.di4q ln 9;periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell remainrh 8.g i n4jlqf;d4u9z constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ andr24vprs7 rwi+ 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct val6 cc8ovwm4j(q ue of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a dif)t8vq*kk krzabu. e *3ferent arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can 3rvb* qukzka*.k8te) also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium andp5m i0k /ql1yccu 2f(z nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct form r;,6)a ttmtrfula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 22w xw,ujv 2iz+4 v3+k+djhfkv 3w s;bn of the periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Whimfhg- +i1jc sj7y1m* ach is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the )2vun55d)iqt re2f 5 eo ktzi(following is a possible symbol5z5 rttudqv5ke)2i) n f (eio2 for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shells, 4 lr.yy9ok3mv vk0w (ias shown below:0iv (l943 kvyykom wr.

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a n-g(o s*p asxwiu/x9e0eutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidatk m 1rvqzeu jft1yn4d/kpx1 m5/c6 a-;ion states?

  Which of the following statements regarding thea xwtw nsq7v7lc:7; b: periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for tlx) ,* sgnktx ywd2fzl:)0q:dhe elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular order:*xyxg tf)nk:d2qls :z0d) ,lw
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regau+p m* rjw4a26bj,cc 7me:yisrding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regard:jweokvg1 fog)-* 5*q :gj/swh nb jw)ing the melting points of elements are corr seq-*w)jg :vwnbwjg1)j/ k: o5fh*goect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur d) uqi30kybb1 4i6 htdare found in the second, fourteenth and sh64y0bki1d 3uqd)i tbixteenth columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition :rdui;tuz:ys-b(9+kvocx ,u metal that reacts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonim).(m*nwa u zaa ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the pe1/eptp04amou * *sgnrj)pot:riodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regardilx o; (ukou./jng the periodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from edb/-by m0 nij/(6aixsmallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3i-+ kg(,zbkt:9ac owx elements, X and Y, react in water according to the equations below. :zw-xbk(+c atgi9k, o
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the 5jw1o84siw2r+ca x ihvj9 3tmfirst ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does n3ofey: rj g**vot change in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the folr8f8mean 9r9-b:da v jlowing compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for k.14o.nfsg o j5 1c5wpffwwx(element X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for thesd6yxxe02ab1:y s cx y8e isoelectronic speciecs 8y:bxx21xdyye 0a6s?

The bidentate ligand, phesi1o -avu2 j6mnanthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.