Which of the statements below gives a correct feature of a ln6ug o ;0f9kyrigand?

  Which of the following can beha0a )xrs)ykv (r9b: u zxw90zebve as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table isz 59 ,qkanqp ;ug;gee9 shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of transition metalsf61yvtc/ tu d*?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown below:wty6o/(ox h rm0zk8v hk13oj.s+tm ;b o zhv t8js./3tk;kohr y+bx61mm(w0o

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloureds // 3,ndweph0nd w0jx solutions when dissolved in wate 0npd/xnw0/3 d,hsjw er?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionization s f*d/ s7hzo(genergy?

  Which of the following is NOT aatk7s4o8o k3+x ,oprm5 6stdy potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturalle l1xmly et0:9y acidic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared pair of elecpg wyv 06t64vdi5p 1dwtrons in a covalent bond?dw4 v6wgitp0 15d v6py

  Which of the following is NOT true of meb d358i gcf0thdk*f f ts6e+:itals?

Iron is a magnetic element x,)./ut5( i37nmp te ywc vuqgin the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would p4qwze vg r.jfm6+0db9roduce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic compone 1y9xl-i:vd sxnts, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of th1i-:xvyd9xl se following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farthere v0r:lbbzv*b 2f,;s a from their nuclei than the valence electrons il, * 0b;bbzaves2vf:rn $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the zlk ,eqj .ygil9dw2 j0 oz0m7/highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/cw:kq9 ,kk1qfqcvp 5; are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreao.7eo vl 0y3 q;8r-5pliweqdjses down the group. The two main factors causing this trend a 0v83yq5.e7;dqirwlo poe -jl re:

  The electron affinity of cav;(e cld7be aakjngk;8j8i( -c3jq 4mrbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column 7c shb-2 ;xwxyun sg2h,k v7d8whnk .(Y of the periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell remain conskcb d,nhhk8.g x(xss2hu7w-7y2 ;vw ntant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ complexesgsxudk8 3gf)2h;gu v5 .
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct valueu8urj . 02hds5lmnn c :jd9lgrfl/8c4 of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of electrons, and these el)f bg+t9ipuvv bd k-iuz8i+qq y:pn5y 4m5(4zectron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the idenmiq bk t +-b45yy p5 )uv+4zu vifi(ngq:9d8zptity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lith*h 0iupao0+gp4y(pvn ium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula for strontium :ry; cvuye5.z sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. W-t6 /sa4hd ( ukgw;vlnhich is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the peej5j mgnni/;jwb 87: yarn.c8d:d io(riodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is sv46whpx+ i*,dgug ;c a possible symbol for ap,giwv;+ scd4*g uhx6tom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by eljvu inr1;84 lqma5x*vectron shells, as shown below:r5* x8u 4 lq1;nmvvija

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neut3zxpj od6z /em pr,k+c4 hx+c9ral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound containssbg /k5/1xo cppo 1f,k two different elements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic table are co p9 hen7cp-9(bnqvf x2rrect?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, s0yc 5dk fhs0y5 ;g)xzqulfur and chlor0s ;y5 dcgx0hfz)kq 5yine in no particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regardin wm fz d)po6pj+4 gba;yn:)ca0g the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding thev5( nx6csyn6a melting points of elements are cys (6an5 xcn6vorrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and su)dbsy1mrng **n2g r( wlfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth columns of the periodic 1wbgn*srd n2*y (mrg) table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorix/9;lyb m ;cs5 e.)dnnqsuqa9ne to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammon36p p 0 hn8sfl1:sqlxvia ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an elemeebcjlml yyq) l- jdj a(2*-63qnt in group 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding oy7pi i (cosg1u5/0tc the periodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest tkn (subndy o1f+ tqa 8x6w6a26o largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react ipj8f6 14ksfh ln water according to the equations below. 4k6sf l8p h1fj
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization energll(efy )7p fy0ies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change vka) 2ds6;j lo0-a71 vpqwhkc8s-ytq in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in abk*h6pm3df 8,xw8fz kll the following compounds except:

The successive ionization en2qt3,nju jocrog 5(-g ergies for element X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct orderf9nw du,( 5rii of increasing radius for these isoelectronic speci(59 nfi dwru,ies?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) hass2i8rw/93y diokkl x+ the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.