Which of the statements below givee8o:i cdx v )klmzqtx:) c7j; *pcgg)2s a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behavek0i/g3 oy8 uxl *k8zix as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown be22/ 9iuf q p(wzc*i y;yavm/gflow:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of transition metals9*. fbacmm:bdqv5 ber t;nd02?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of ysp ki7sv.*;z vanadium in the periodic table, as shown below:sk;.piz v7 *sy

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following sa ;u3 ru53qidds8 azp:vlts would form coloured solutions when dissolved in wativu3u8psd;dar5 :z3q er?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the .quk,mfcl/.o 4g9a1:rpx vn bdefinition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component of acid ra:/ v0ar(f bt7zx mj5a0n1p8y4 z kqadx- 9afwmin?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolvedvdu.2d n ppt5w0l01p w __________.

  Which element would have the least attractiodq--5rczfff 2uxg 4.g n for a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond?-f5rg -xq2.uf4 fcd gz

  Which of the following is NOT true of metalbz6ff zn2l3q4vyqr5 h9qdx0y(z+0ym s?

Iron is a magnetic elementfb1 jp7u. 7hm d2mmdl4 in the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in wat5ioglcr- ,i bjxrusld:c+ 8af*/;h 6ter would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic compog:p3m2e.gf y knents, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which3kpym:2.e ggf of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are0o5jz x(wk zs709wbhc farther from their nuclei than the valence electro 0zszwh0jxbwck79( 5ons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements hoo92 j9z10tuvsdi2it as the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following wz.b q .c-e gw6dirg6,;z1cg sstatements about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The twotwaw)z, . mm,63*upfz xdfg n* main factors causing this trend g,mwf3fm )a 6,.dzpux *n*zwtare:

  The electron affinity of;y; -3*4lcy af gwwzjw 6y+detdp;ye 8 carbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y +4mj5(7qqms(byukt m of the periodic table, some features of the oum 54s(( u+y mqtq7mkjbter electron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+0u* o/+d fmmfq i3ik9g and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correc07yi6ffx:ans uyzf;)) rupq( t correct value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrange,pu8,kqo6 b e*a2ti4 pk2 ;x 5ynuqbhvment of electrons, and these electron conue5kq b 28a6hqui*;x,2pnp tv4o, by kfigurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formexnhj9m/ 8x.aq 3srb3 bd between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is tg 6vi f-59 hs4hffg/chaf. 9ethe correct formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodi1-:ck bbwiz w;c table. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group h/p ivpfg61m,2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metap0/jxld1v5o bko6vceo :2vl0k( 0y idl. Which of the following is a possible symbol: ki5dv/vyo(lv2 c0jlx b o0e 6pok10d for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrraqc21qi7 t)rb io r00,qc6q rounded by electron shells, as shown below: 026r,0c1)q airtboq 7rri qqc

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a ne9s p yxvofubrg(9e ,hm s/lu*qc0 c+;:utral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidation stateso au;l 4;vu9xwmu:-x0 ;e xawq?

  Which of the following statements ,/larv-: evl dregarding the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfuri*ljlge4+/f xt8um5c and chlorine in no particular order:c 5felgi+jx l84/* mut
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regarding the tw3:25o-dk.gf:, w fn a nzwmgoransition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting poinj7i/,dqwv7 yq3 q5pcbts of elements are c qy,j7pqbq3ic /w d5v7orrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, smhmbc;dt)fy9(8f.t j ilicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteent);fmtd8jy m b(c. ht9fh columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine b4 cm4d0jx*ib to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia ( r,0/-1ft3dl zr nysgh$NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element )23fq iabax;n +grah :in group 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic t2i3r3cai /oe,g m8gquable is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correc xl0lg 43wqkd7uc0c(b j xq;*ct order from smallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water accdq7 b.c ocla:u;9 e+rtording to the equatio+:.dab ;rqeco9 u7tlc ns below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regardiqhv 4 (6saml3gng the first ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does noj)u uj9f. 6ibzt change in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following compounds e5i5 ks5u,,uxl whm z3nxcept:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the tabl 49 jzoyg4fe6ge below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for these isoejg)70c ys -meg*hcr2( ; lhwkolectronic specie 2* 0gkcym7gs (c;-hewrol)hjs?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthrc zrqapy326*6b3 ziyaoline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.