Which of the statements below gives a correct feature of a liga:q4bn za vn8 mot95r/wnd?

  Which of the following can behakeu,e,;d- yffrf 1h 33fn( xhxve as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is e2i/1jwwt4it+q z- 9) pnakd) 7tfaqjshown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below ix37pah fm*mm lg.xl49c0z 4 i6wpfm x3s a characteristic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadiuk kwaqf/uwu 9k4z(m0*m in the periodic table, as shown below:*az/uf kkm(w9q40 wuk

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutionlb-5c awono3x(l6h 2rs when dissolved in wat l6lwaob c(-r5h2oxn3 er?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionizat18jq fkhl897u, rd iu1.yd yyzion energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potentibu3d bqo.moy*6wpqm.q0 c9, j al component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally aci,l2chwffbfk/.2 9l, m) b phvfdic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared pair of electroonq k2a yk*e.s5fn8 b0pzo ;-zns in a covalent bo pk bz*.a oof0-n258syeqnz;knd?

  Which of the following iuwfoe6 zj3l2; f2e uc+s NOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first hs6:u 1)g8 sqtw1g)d fvoz(ndrow of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide di oj:s ma-sg ,7ve8k(te6fw9f sssolved in water would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play vbi/wm2msy.oq,p0ac 6tr8mo 8znt-w j*b a) : important roles in electronic components, such as solar cells and compuwm8p oz2)m0b ar*wt,8:mb - anjtcvs6q yo/.i ter chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are fartho zq- y*m9.n hjw vbe:*1ccwk svao()3er from their nuclei than the valence el(k1bahs*vcjvo.zyn9) wc-m o *eqw:3 ectrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has thl .ofwpswp9 qq*5d,q(e highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the follhu892b3o 3x f.,ded o.m) ponwok*tn6tcl,nyowing statements about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. Thej0+pf) vo5jkm-j* tpd two main factors causing this trend are:j-tk j+fjmp05pdv) o*

  The electron affinity on*:vfq2nky 0( :pvhpv :fajz;f carbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y o:s(u5y p2qealf the periodic table, some features lq52e:us (pyaof the outer electron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ andnywq+lw9w;r awl- ,z9 p,2dcl 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct corr tp2d,va a7q*mect value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different cu1 vdef lk4 :ovs73*parrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbl*k: ud7fvse 4pvc13oital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium a7 kuk+ kmj5z 3sdmx2yae-i3t *nd nitrogen?

  Which of the following rhadi 9c x 2edf+f,k.:x(;)paqa ko)ois the correct formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the cor8bgd.-i h;oqobz m/ 1erect formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the p k 629r;fsulejhi:fzn 4b2a1 deriodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a po5 e5)t/qvjxff ssible symbol )/tfv f5jq5ex for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron swz ew/ml:5u j,qo p8of)v f*3uhells, as shown below:8 u3pouejo) zvf /:q*,5lw wmf

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral a cpuv(8jd6n hx/o( b3tk q:ra.tom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two diffl:7,db89p 4tsozp c4a0iao uderent elements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic table are corr gium x)b;w7h e+26w)e-ae,avz5 hm xkect?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur andzah4,l ,;qhto chz;h,olt qh4 a,lorine in no particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements arg qcnfekzwayb/ 0: 4dz44 /j4we true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements re+g-cbv:9s pm wgarding the melting points of elements are c-sw:bv 9 p+cmgorrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are fou d+za9sr35t7c)l t*yn tm ik*dnd in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth tm3l d*a 5sy kr7i9dn*tct+)z columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition meta6/ rvq bkgv,2jl that reacts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia (6gnqg.chd ,i(.jhm bz8 0v 7rl$NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the pe.rvq9w4c 0;jvb ehv+x riodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic table is trum k5 n.(xzaip1gu1b1ce?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smalo.aq l t9rn7,llest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water aqa-b4nh7*d2 erl(iinf 2xfep y+xum .z k* 4u/ccording to the equations beeyfx.*(h / mu4qndi7 +u*lbr k24 2x-znp aeiflow.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionizatioo15rvi4mp *qf0g a qy6n energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of tgtxy x5joh+3e d /qm(7he following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the followteq i/yr+*.rm/ l1qbning compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in thakdtb+,vsx,ke5z; o.uv1j e nn; ) fe8e table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for these ie sc,d1zsf0t/calu1, on;w:csoelectronic species?oeft: 1cd ca,sl,w 1cu/ ;zn0s

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (n1odjab42b)sb 5c 2co itv fv+5i3ft-phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.