Which of the statements below gives a correct feature of a ligan8 dn9yzp dlzeie87 (q.d?

  Which of the following can bvn nfe/ w)jfi ez6i37,ehave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown bel(da u9.w./+toew -l alg1jk krow:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic propertyje n76 aus/s y+auw kp*cu7e5( of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to 1t: 1bdz k1zbbthe right of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown below: 1d t:b1z1kbbz

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutions when n hg2.92m- jz8bqtheidissolved in water? iz8j.h9 men22b-tqhg
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the dug )bzyi6 .9rtvfq,bw(13zrc efinition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the followin.e1)m rq/fuigem2 yg+,kz a;va cwt*/v-da:m g is NOT a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due --kgepaf1 am)to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a sharedf+f : 0gzqb/fuzlg7w+ pair of electrons in a covale0+:q wzzf f/bfggu 7+lnt bond?

  Which of the following is NOT trupbqov:cfqnp 8 1h76 4ee of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first w0 /nt297(fl eywetxc row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a solutiim x9oy2 aixt/405ts ion that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic-u1ldr .5 vrtv vqc0./zio 1whgat f39 components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition og/at1fdw iq5- vhov0lvc .z319tru .rf a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther:3d/w k r(pibu from their nuclei than the valence electrondk( /rbi 3uwp:s in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest 7,p elat2 e32 xpctefx .(:paqfirst ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statementg;r 9(so3z/bo qgeo)ts about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the groewcpq76yb ; uwafq (.*up. The two main factors causing this trend apa*w7q.;(u6eby qc fwre:

  The electron affinity oyvw3aj.qe +zwy+7 3ec f carbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the periodic table, some feat 9y4x mzqx)ws.d bfo32ures of the outer e4mbw2.f xx yo9q zd3s)lectron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2:1jva o q+qyo) r:m8g 4fz;zaa+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct valu*pjiej5y;nih a8o7zfs 96ae e49rh w 7e of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a diffggy.09sjjly15 /y:e e*f xkf oerent arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be rep/jfsefxl0 e59yj 1y go .ygk*:resented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound fo3ps ehg8 ok1mp+6 hg;k/o4x lmrmed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is theuq; flyq+)f 82iuvw)u correct formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of t mqha6v(ne0d huwl*h y8t0)g4he periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic tm( wq g+ mw)-i;uvn124rmkyzd able. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the followikq86ca n6rh7uvfck -/ ng is a possible symbo7kaf v- 6r6h/ukcn c8ql for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surr j9;ak,ha(u 8egpae( zounded by electron shells, as shown below: ah;j8(pe,gkuaz( 9ae

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is shown beloeaifpx1w 3 4ab +ub*;vw:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidation sc-l3l ))7q;ppxo.uow zxs+ pp0e8f pstates?

  Which of the following statements 4(o ygluu1r3d ed-q*dregarding the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and7 i4p1po)wi qlk8-h ox(bl0zy chlorine in no particular orp-w87i0q 1y h)lzxo(4p okbil der:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are b8at3pv4+ go,* ksjtb true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting points u6wry45 a/ukihda+* f of elements are cria5u*u/ 6ya dk+wf4h orrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found i 78ox.dzpa.dcfe3 kdzag 4k0j/z 5ztk :+ty6 dn the second, fourteenth and sixteenth columns of the periodi6 ykz38dzj azk5+p:7.ddtxkg0 /tz.e4da ofcc table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that dse em 39e1(kqreacts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia i5v u6w/atvr1t 0ntm1;.vrvj($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the periodic tabl5mdmzwfzm( pz5i5.neak szvf v5bt 82 ):gb* -e.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic tab c(k2 xbrr.o4xle is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order fr -h(ps01d p fsh3w5)vsji8tkvom smallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react m1tptd5* u7br in water according to the equations bept*7 r mudtb15low.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ioni lx93*x/( prg dp;lzyization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr- 4c*rsyk9-z ws cj,nalx9ot0 does not change in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same i47e q6 (*z vdihmh*jvln all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the table ruw5b4 xe(pk5g0 a-(-z5f rs k +nnvbwbelow:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for these isoelew *( mbnhix;,he(zk)vctronic specie (x iknbh,eh*w );(vzms?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline qwqk 8zzu53flqt u) ;5(phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.