Which of the statements below gix5hw d05fz+0ip g ou+tves a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the followingp i6ppgq.07u r cw-0sm 3kzu+ *)jv*hsj*irjk can behave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic m6k (qncvxqt;kg 2n9)s2d.an table is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic properb.cs 9 bwy9gh /bxsx/+byi10cty of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the ri2 v3qkd1 /iko1 iajwn4ght of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown below:11wvkd on/4i ij 3a2kq

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutioi3rj /wm/6mt9wf c jj+ou; a6(pxz,qfns when dissolved in water? jxw6f/q9mj;,w jazipmu+( c3 tfo /r6
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equationt:1cdm9 ie1 bsvcb vx 6mxn*-1 represents the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT ,v4+ 6oeijye w;ng.dxgt43q6v n*hrk a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturall*hxlp0x(mclr 7yl)yg+2f0yi fy 9+ uiy acidic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the l,) 2zra0 fmuc t :nhqev/ia2h9east attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a cova2m9, h)0at cfrz 2vun :h/aeiqlent bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true of rdiy +e nof6/zcwo)0 2metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the firsnzp8raln cj9p,1 ,q h+t row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a solution that is44j )psjt,t nl+-uh/b erc(et:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic c+y,mr3n ddmiy1 c. 0s8x d0bp hv:-bnpomponents, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloidnmbd0yp-1bi3xdyd0:p,8.cr m+v n hs ?

1.The valence electroo)n3 wjvhn3 pboody-(*4:igud b:j- +kwa7ru ns in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the valence electrons in ouob ibhg:3( *jwvow u--4daydr): p j73+n kn$Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elemen d;zwwr1 -8:o fnx1e1hi 8tivlts has the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statemegr 9ttgz4syk *wmofco41a rt586d: 2ints about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two maiz1/baa2bcz e7 ex0l1 un factors causing this trea/ze2l0a 71bxczu1 bend are:

  The electron affinity of carbon isu i8cz .dz a18-k7ssio $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row Xlh 7p w b80a*quo4aoq, or column Y of the periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell r q qua 4awlbpoo80h7,*emain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition mn7y(lsql /src 0k3l z)se8m9eetal that can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correcip3(ci cpzl-c6k4 .hgt value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangemen ,,3+icttn;kx of 7gzxxgp 4g8t of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be rtgx7+c84gix xgon,t, zfkp 3 ;epresented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula )f a t,a p j.3sayelckvf28()eof the compound formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the c a;)( wwfzfe4uorrect formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 nku0s(u 5zu 0gof the periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the pe6e4e 0nt8f*w( syfmq uriodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a posof f c962pl;d1m7wtcmt sj4z )(lz4phsible symbol for atom fszf24)l;m 7oz1h(wjpd m9cct 6pl 4 tX?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded b1 k )3efj4 e37wduiljgy electron shells, as shown below: fg 3wki7 ej4j13d)uel

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron conx;gh v 83qzjf2 8x-m+ gpebui;figuration of a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidat/u1wipq8 y 5taqid4/ zion states?

  Which of the following statements ro*our7ex)d4ud. zr h/ 7;bnp zegarding the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, flu7f voo vgz 1e9s*7gtr7orine, sulfur and chlorine in no parte 9zg7ov f7vr7s1 *otgicular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regarding the transit .,gw8yvxixz,a 3 ;kpiion metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding t,zk.hq jf3d q1he melting points of elements are corr3.1jfz,k qd qhect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found in the secon+5uhm y 362u ldm7yq:exn0.+t agr fto*e4vir d, fourteenth and sixtud3amtxr5i6e4fm 2n.eglv y*+7yo+ 0htrq:ueenth columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts w f)+c s(gnyp d djoezplx m++1 uq)34wpv:2rd*ith chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammoni07pwm n)c *drprq.dj7 +.n xxva ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element 6ji/nn tdkx/z5;b*uwin group 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the v+ovhs/ct 7si 7rdidh 7-q8(mperiodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from s zn-,wcqr5dy8b33 ju fv3 w+lqmallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements,q.70*r ghqvtvkx 0 - jvndk.b5 X and Y, react in water according to the equations belowrv-vdq 0b5k0qkg7njv*t. hx . .
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement rega00budptr 0-k hrding the first ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not chbggk z:qa3k5ec 0:p a3b9 qf9 bu)lo;eange in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is t6: vj/o4 bsji yw1ombk4hlc. -we)f ,uhe same in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energi u6y0agr h.js/es for element X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for thes *ru2o ob9lh9i-s vhu8e isoelectronic speciru*b h 2o 9-usvh9io8les?

The bidentate ligand, phenkks+9m hcn bx 8:i5eyl;yn; *fanthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.