Which of the statements bez4j: ew6vyhed d 0am+kf5 hy74low gives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can be* vbr 8np 5gx93khu2srhave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is ;- blo3h* edsashown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of tranw/ q5 ,u ofy4y(m uizxpq5tto8.yn2o*sition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the(q8k*/3z0szwvce yf s periodic table, as shown below:s/y fk83zvc( zw0*seq

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutions wd7 crhyt1fzz3w, m, -fxkg2h0hen dissolved in water,cz0mhg df3- rh,x 2zf7ywk1t?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation w g d7p:c053b n kbpglu9u/gk:8*t fvdrepresents the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is vk138dab1ky s NOT a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolve(5iw6p ltus2t d __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for kaf x-t1 nr )7xcj9xw9t*df(v a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond? - dk 9tf fa1(nwvxtr9*cxj7x)

  Which of the following b 15*bn8: t8gmdj evynis NOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic elemenln1z po8 b04 d:f6ltkdt in the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would um*df4 :kb9p zzuhk2.j4a:.ne wa op,produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important rolespo ,zlqa)5cv)-m 9u w. pca;y.u x(adg in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloiq o5avwzlyp )uup-,.( amxd.g;cc 9a)d?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than thbrayq9bx. ja zopc.t;e,;s ;(- t ;t(lxfthj0e valence electr a.s xtj(j(;;c tlzxp 0bo9e hf;qyabtr-.;t,ons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the h 7vbd*7l u(ecqighest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/are t v8eup4a6 9xrozp0cl4rue?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the groupt 7 ljsftk6y0 8cds+-x. The two main factors causing this trend are:6d -7+tcsk f s0lxytj8

  The electron affinity of car7 bni9tq+7bgsbu4 a y x57aij:bon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y o pfyl7zso0; wfyh )oa+39w:rpz6 hke0f the periodic table, some features of thlo9 hfwsoy;ekzf7pw 6z 3)0 0:pyahr+e outer electron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both)n0r6k.nj,7mren 5qup yosk3 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct value . mtla,h* wb a.;;kjxjp9 ywq:of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of elecog/i ehbm 7/a8trons, and these electron configurations can also be repreg/i o ea/mhb78sented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium and nitrog s t/tv.bmtfmm;b* )voj/b8q 7en?

  Which of the following is the corg7jsdd 8rf s)j6f6ju8q *c)r-pp; xgzrect formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is ,fpdh71 xap3n the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which ijeq.fu 58fvod 0to1;os the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a pouw*gv *g3ue79 .plob dssible symuggbo v3*d9.upl* 7e wbol for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by elecp d+su:9zxh0q tron shells, as shown below::dxpzs 9 +u0hq

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is shown w5q8ghq(5+od) 8os.vzzzkvo below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidation std5p jt7(( i2at u vi-hc5qvl5oates?

  Which of the following statements regard ((nt:cafty3e+ 0hbt/uelb/yk a6:h.m0v lcuing the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur an xcrz*z kv f-6jlr9 x/+1ik3wvd chlorine in no xrj* l f-ikvz kw69cv31+r/x zparticular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regardi 0g clfuzekl82) v)tc7ng the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting points of elemenz w) cw0-8qcdi6iu, euts are cor8-c,i)06qc w wue iduzrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found in the secoav pgesc 1k8ihv6,60wn:a2+npp/ cb gnd, fourteenth and sixteenth columa1h0 bggnvn+cs, i26p/p6 c:ve8a wp kns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that react/aak23mtztw6w q2f/ ns with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammoniac0qsfnue(3y5mk :yp 8 ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an elemej 1fdkbxrr pz9csm gsz(7 l*46(/ v+sznt in group 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic table is tqokvw-d:zqk/ zw, /sc1 0q1hfk piu10 rue?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to qr-; 30 vzhhsfw)bn/olargest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 ev/:hwnb, . zu6 lp fv.8)ldn;hbr0p grlements, X and Y, react in water according to the equat6r );l b n, zhnh8.p:fvvrbl/0u dw.pgions below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ion4mu wv3.8u9x 96svyq4i o npgqization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does notmmb.i4x 3d vfgi(jt;-k8 2 jot change in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same a7o n g,qpdvmdip(65bc1h*y5in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X98 et:lpva9y8uu9fq fpq x)z, is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for these isoelectronic s( vvsm18;2* o0lflqup eufu2fpecies?f2 ;2mp f0 u8lu 1esfquo(v*lv

The bidentate ligand, xp5(c( gca jhofh) b;*phenanthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.