Which of the statemen,i am c8t;a*7x)zew qnts below gives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behg4qd-vj u 21l3 qs+vgal3 kvx:ave as a ligand?
I. $B{H}_3$
II. $N{H}_3$
III. $C{H}_4$

  An outline of the perm mn3xha;4 , u;+wlndbiodic table is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of transition metals?c3 yet0jplnc 9zkc1f 3c:wu74
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the z1h4cbgmuxv2ht / s93periodic table, as shown below: tv9m23/hgsx 4ub1zch

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the followin (1z 2pxthwwvshz -bhz//-ul0 g salts would form coloured solutions when dissolved in waterw0/zu (b/l-hx-whtz2hzp s 1v?
I. $CuC{l}_2$
II. $ScC{l}_2$
III. $ZnC{l}_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionizatipi9e:qb 6on. bon energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component q*8umt(o5ep3fde8 i vof acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_{2}O{)}_6{]}^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_{2}O{)}_6{]}^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolved _________;3(xrjsa c la7 cic+(r_.

  Which element would have the leasp5 no 70jspq2dt attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a covalentso5 jp7pn0 q2d bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true of meefd8x5 *lafc ukfi2r72xih*9a ,d4 nmtals?

Iron is a magnetic element in .tyoxiezgbqj mr:w /m pfb694l:p(/ : the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water w15+yq l6i* iy nb+obouipx54 ;h hcr7eould produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic components, such as solaroi0;pk* 0,)ign jf;qfvjfbh3hyy, x9 cells and computer chips. Which of thekf,yh; bv) y,nh*oq3j 0ixg;j f if90p following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are fartherf;h3cidy u7e+-tw-g x from their nuclei than the valence eleeyg-xwt dhc 7;u+f3 i-ctrons in $C{l}_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $C{l}_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ionjs2 5js(hfl;udim j,8 ization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about ao+o/1me0b9kt zd e,7 rc hkw2zcids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^{+}$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two main factors causing this x j0jvqs zrg p6k0/:5 eb(wrt*trend e r:kzbvr5tw(pj6 0qjg/ *x 0sare:

  The electron affinity of carbon9o2doa2 ib s83( ica;vvg* jdd is $-122kJmo{l}^{-1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27kJmo{l}^{-1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the periodic table, some featuresi n (id8.m5x+:philth of the outer electron she 5:nx+.h pht8mdil(iill remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes. 4-fyssj5)qg1 ghw2gl
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $S{c}^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_{2}O{)}_6{]}^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_{2}O{)}_6{]}^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correcq9+aj7*w *fc:r re )csxut3hgt correct value of $x$ and the shape of the $C{u}^{2+}$ complex, $[CuC{l}_4{]}^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of . l n-*rbdp ccadm98f4electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each ele*pr-fcl4bn8ddca 9.mment described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^{1}2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the )8fy6 zmrg)my.s*g*pc6 didfcompound formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is them l5d,k-z6nui9i *s,f6ij expp spo:5 correct formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct 3i8.tlsi -ec dms6n2uformula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct fg 8w4v)luqf9 qormula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following isf*gm8f:4zt7rhr e:jm ma -t7c91v w uz a possible symbol for atom X?' f-c1 r mwv mem:fg7:4t 8t haz*rju79z

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by elec pk7bsr 0z9( mio9cd 9ln4,mrwtron shells, as shown below:o7wd4rl n,z ( m0bk 9ip9rmc9s

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral at f8.0f3zfm5cgjh 3 ;h v1tkuvxom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two di c:wkb, m fif)(0*qflugl2va 7fferent elements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the c*f2 ac-+z0 )uy x)iylxv1:vt. mldj eperiodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrog p2h a,itefi6 r64g+ n+2vmk g4opbv3men, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular order: b+f+2ngh k timp32o6ei,4gvvamrp46
Element is 1 ; Radius (${10}^{-12}m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJmol{}^{-1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius (${10}^{-12}m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJmol{}^{-1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius (${10}^{-12}m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJmol{}^{-1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius (${10}^{-12}m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJmol{}^{-1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $kJmo{l}^{-1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following six ag zx1z61x s6p4impq f/.,statements are true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the followi kv8oog yaqs nu5ieb 5;nz+6;d 5cj5x7ng statements regarding the melting points of elements are correcte5+a5igk5n d;5jsyxoo;nqzv8b 76cu ?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magn,5 t paac h7xr(4pu,2 yy5( uh-mqqgkuesium, silicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth columnhuqk-p h5pcu5 , a(tg,m 7y(xya2qur 4s of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacv0du8 ittnit x62y5l23hg ux5ts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuC{l}_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuC{l}_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammoni7hf9kza3 i8wj -7wdos a ($N{H}_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $N{H}^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section9-2025Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the periodic table.15 a 6tpifn1ve
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the per2b.wh c13dsdd(pt bo977yp)8 o-itf j* hgsmwiodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(N{H}_3{)}_4{]}^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuC{l}_4{]}^{2-}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuC{l}_4{]}^{2-}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $C{l}^{-}$ is a weaker field ligand than $N{H}_3$​
II. $[Cu(N{H}_3)4{]}^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $N{H}_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $C{l}^{-}$
III. $[Cu(N{H}_3{)}_4{]}^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $N{H}_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $C{l}^{-}$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to larjw1lgl e7p k8xh9.2ql gest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 eleme4m9yz6c 0 d)2cmzw7bun t5q uonts, X and Y, react in water according to the equauz oubmq26wct7)md90zc45yn tions below.
I. $X_2{O}_{(S)}$​ + $H_2{O}_{(l)}$ → $H_{2}X{O}_3$${}_{(aq)}$
II. $Y{O}_{(s)}$​ + $H_2{O}_{(l)}$ → $Y(OH{)}_2$​${}_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ioni4bn-/i1bgpkiln u.dmw8dd2 5 zation energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the f k-sctag s(3)aollowing except:

  The oxidation number of X isj98ew 71oi5silr6m sd the same in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionizat4,v(a*/ xqufv (iwhav ion energies for element X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJmo{l}^{-1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of incream9va6 v q8btchr8k*9qc v --e--hpeb bsing radius for these isoelectronic species?-hrkm9p 98 -qvb68-ab*tbvv c q eec-h

The bidentate ligand, phenanthrosbc91yu n+t 4 p/ 9a3aaxzof,pline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^{+}$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen{)}_3{]}^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen{)}_3{]}^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $C{o}^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.