Which of the statements below gives a correct feature of a ligake i,;v *gmi)vnd?

  Which of the following can behave as a lik6u-+ar7nq z aw69e9 jo. wsbbgand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is sh-r8 liamjh: a;own below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a c9dwp.pj1 eun. haracteristic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic tablt0muiukw h :+)b gw7;te, as shown below: m)+:k0;tiughw w tu7b

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would for* t0dx;(xtf8 3 gridnnm coloured solutions when dissolved in wate8d gdn; 03xt*r(nfit xr?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equat 8y5h/tz6gw -drk ygv* jcys3 jph+)jg*cj)6 eion represents the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component of acid r1ln7:8 76a mnlrx ecfoain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolvedh,8u x:u ye (ibiyi:f1 __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a a oivk9 gac*/hji8k23shared pair of electrons in a covalent v2aig *ak ck ioh83/j9bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true of m/inm: evnyw awm,4/j,73mbu letals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the firs7c.;zohy y k6xt row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dis0pykd n()csi6 solved in water would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements pe86ifwx9 ob a1lay important roles in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Whiw16x b9o8feia ch of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons f8u gx/ f(5rerybgc.u3p g(-kin I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the valence electg(rbf/8 e3.pyx5g-cguk u( fr rons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ionizm6 rpy,;mza a.ation energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/are truegk(u u:o-w+m l?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down thempc. 6a4k nwlpyx2c8 4b:8zq y group. The two main factors causing this tre.x88cy6aqb zp wcl4:mnkp y42nd are:

  The electron affinity of cas zxpqe(,cz h*bw6 q2n42v8warbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of +eyguk- q: d6/hhz0jq0bn3-ehr3srn the periodic table, some features ornsh3 ek3y0gj6-/q-undeqh z :b+0 hr f the outer electron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2vd/+6 t wsoku f;h.f5m+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct* .m0a cjg1d- qdzyd8i value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangemz ozb80t+h7e vrk3 tz*ent of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be r+b zev8 h3*t 0or7ztzkepresented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula o wcga1:iaywq7f -b*s6f the compound formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula fs,oafjc 9p2.t or strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the cor 9kfvft.o3nuc4( 9 ;r*b pbmwqrect formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct csh w6dmg7jocsn pfj+ me(f3n./.0-l formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali mb7 1pe6+6rqvj* gx .lukb:k dwetal. Which of the following is a possible symbol for at1kp:v+q7lj db6*ue6 bw xkgr.om X?'

An atomic nucleus of el4sfpbmb. tv ,g6f m),yement X is surrounded by electron shells, as shown below: ,v m)4btfp fb6ym,.sg

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuratif bpn1im*9z i(on of a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elew/m 8c ckege58ments with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the u/ 6ozkfs*l6 pperiodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains dwz pb,4 x1ago 7yuoo3-ata for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular ordzboouxy-pa 4gw 731o, er:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true ren3ay qu3, fr2hgarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regamchj eg1z:fk03 59dst rding the melting points of elements are c ftdzjeks903m h:1c5gorrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium,z;nr t2k*5. s r7us*nxyxo j2z silicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth ss * 2yt7urxrzn;jn5*2ox zk.columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine ,+)93 mki*zuq ey clttto produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia82hxcdzei*n23 )i, q(szr(6 t fvtdhs ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in grouph62q1; itvn/jex r +lh5+xnyi 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic table is truesa.ae1 .4qmnrf;xqd-zh26x30lmf 8 kxriv 7p?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallesqwd+b) e(la 5x 61yupst to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water accor*:gxqyi ( sfl,ding to the equations belos *l:,gxfqiy( w.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization energietg)37 /ed iwh+l.t7,uonbg x ts (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the j pcu/dfk:0sm (2xi3tfollowing except:

  The oxidation number of X isf ga1delk c1+; the same in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is s+q v/+eoydeo7q.v,ln hown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for vq. 7)-y2h/n s;agbxdnhyo n, these isoelectronic speci x.g/)d-7,yn bshqo;hv a nyn2es?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthrolina s0ju3f/k;qn7xys 0ne (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.