Which of the statements belowqr xg73wkp bx9uh*6 8v gives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behave rc4 ps3oiub. 2as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shl9uo7je.2b;xa :owjo own below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of transition metartv94;:vhu r4 kne,ayls?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium v-7w5*veo cns in the periodic table, as shown below: o *-7vcvenw5s

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutions when dis m9i-+4ulxw fisolved in water9w+lf- miiu4x ?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definitiona2mqnd n4s7 g8 of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential componentsam hv8;p glmd+-f49i8ozy9 p csf7. o of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolvee8t, 1wd ehsp3s /y1jid __________.

  Which element would have the least attrawg5y )a)di eo5w13tyu ction for a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond?1d5ui 3tyog5 we ayw))

  Which of the following is NOTzego/dj:li 2 p.vu4fr -2ulj2 true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first hu f04gc( af*o+vph4y(t8uts8v8mln row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a solution that iltek42 )w7 uqe)m6+yuy huo.gs:

  Metalloid elements p(nxf .jy g9syt)umsiz 06*3r vlay important roles in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of anmr zs fgu0yt.i9vs6 * )3yxj( metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei tha 6;j:rf.n uhk(bx,kqe2nh eu/n the valence eleq jrhn:ee h,2fub/ku6.nk (x;ctrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest0i/cgp9om w e- first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statementuddqh,a:b:r r/elc(zlaq lbj5ar ,51v2 d 11ws about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down tq* ig 8lp2n:gfc fbw/3) y7sorhe group. The two main factors causing this tre2:slyp7c8b f)q /r 3*ngigfownd are:

  The electron affinit7kemlb*4n9v msxj9 /e y of carbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y;+npj8z 9o dqxjr zay3 a*w9x;z4hv,x of the periodic table, some features of the outer e;9;4zj9a d,px*nhza3 zx 8oxrj+qwv y lectron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metp mux/ sv-sz7+al that can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correctx-g4 i tlt0.p;vig qzg l*-;py value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different ar k+ v4jv qhjdmf0p*c;+rangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital + j4fmh vvpdc*0;k jq+diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium a:ffnu)tf)q5/f nxna7nd nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula for ) um8:zum kuj-0 ih6zmstrontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct g7/pjodi54p b+,;y x7dbsdil formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 ofxjep;yeqeb h8.2ts,5 nv1u4l the periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the fol(flcc,;.n+ 3cme guijlowing is a possible symbol for atom +fl;uc(ci egm .,c3jn X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is 5m, we *9oqofzr kgm1lqdt 7.4o )pb7gsurrounded by electron shells, as shown below:lgo5w bdt9zep7 m*)f rq,k.o1g qo4 7m

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is shown bel ij(pxsy3g4)lz /-g oatzt4k/ow:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elem+bd,td m)y x)lents with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic table are correct -fpd5 pse ke:b.b./-njk si w,ugl0l+?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for vn u*p(0 ee1q ejuiq0e9w8fn0.ty:elthe elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular orde:p001e.leu( iv0 wuen8f tn e 9*jeqyqr:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true r8pf1rkyv ,:(jzvap f1egarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements8lvl s tk12e-dfbr- 2s regarding the melting points of elements are corree vr-b28f s1 2kd-sltlct?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 element bpj0 ed6yny1 q:k3/jls magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteentp3 nj:q /lbde y6k0jy1h and sixteenth columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal tenp9xz l1ma sg5p4s ljlm, 4v*cp83i.hat reacts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia 9mi0 z 0f,-oxuv1 nvdj wndq0(h;kp:w($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in gro*i/ a/ juvqb81y xel8lup 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the pczp/ot +cy/;salchr6 u7kd4y95 r7akeriodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to largest radius?3dv1 hga 6b4wrsq x;hw6; q*bd

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X a9y8edmm0 kzc6nd Y, react in water according to the equatio y6kd90mz8ec mns below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionizatijr mm et*o8n-qmjpj y. 8x54d7,cl (vion energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr doe2osr). )socj q eh82tas not change in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is th )s7u ezaoj )n,5lfc(ke same in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the tjcrr7k(ezunjnwa oz ( 1t,):3 able below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct ordehz9:cwbn4 g-3k h:wupr of increasing radius for these isoelectronic specigwch4wbk:- z:hn9 u 3pes?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthrolinevwxxq+i rc 9x) oe22:r (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.