Which of the statements below gives a correct feature ofwh77mpeweb ,d+om7k m)hw9 *j n6 oio9 a ligand?

  Which of the following can bettzh7sm7dc*97 xtd rq2yi ky0 m.qv;+ have as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown ,lnag2niyp iv4xv5rj+9h+ vd/ i e2s.below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of transiu u 3c( o 2dqi6go;/1uxwx*daftion metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown hq859 (sodm 7raer j1zbelow: (d 5r7ah89sqezomr j1

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutionsu(n-m5 yjtkn+xhk-qc,y ) 6pg when dissolved in wat,p j-cn6+tk)u( xgqkym5yhn-er?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of firsqeot8 2 xe h.eod6k:0tt ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component of ac1lapev. q7p jnjo7 53wid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolved __mvj3m31i zw5s72j zzu________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a sn+8ide0.e.7rpa 5jfwxs g h q dg*0;phhared pair of electrons in ajn 0sqpfhwgeh7.e g+0dd ;.5ra* ixp 8 covalent bond?

  Which of the following 15 xv zk8ox5leis NOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element j.ei / ei9k0fxqw0+pr in the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water wou yw/o l-gm4*ybld produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in g 2sr7) uuta*xr/l3eas+ liy6 electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of tx7arry esa)ug2/u6 i*lst +3lhe following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are fartmxqa o/3**wj3g o(o.l)aafd p her from their nuclei than the valence el a3of)adlq. oag w/* m(*jpox3ectrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the followin*w.yclj zu 8n-aak7,s g elements has the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about aci8 al3xwo-6yig9y o0swagv.sb m/ x e/,ds is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two mazvm5-zi5xuf9//6 kgto *wyqy in factors causing this tren*qfikvxo um 9 w56 zgtz5-//yyd are:

  The electron affinity of carboe* l/pw0z) 4y 8 u5lckh8phvujn is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same ) hsc)8vxfk+brow X or column Y of the periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell )+kfh csv b)x8remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that: 2(74rucx1skmw8m 3iswt srg can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the corrj er)mvx;c j/:ect correct value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a diffekji4(h523n jsz8*i dmsx + ukjrent arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can al(muz32j i 48ix *j+k jdhsk5snso be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium and nitroa; y(w+w/twej gen?

  Which of the following is the cor;j/ dp)w hm6plrect formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table7 02 cuootdvw qrj/h1q6d /hn2. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct gu/x9v5b4wcn formula?

  Atom X is an isotope 9p 6jh4kaitqk7v ca 826toh; /svid(q of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a possible symbol;/ t ao kk ihc7qsjpa6vtv4(9d2q6ih8 for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shells,vq, al+m)uk xv(z4 tt: as shown below: a+)vxq(,ktt 4zvlum :

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configura-,y3ie w fu/g24mj dsotion of a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elementsu e4ti2mcca81 with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic table dh,86sxmxm, 0g *zmzgare correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elementq8 30cucpfdz 0s nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no partqc 0d3z8cp0f uicular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following 3 dnkra hl37h:tiz;2p statements are true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting point/5fwxx0o2qxp 0 e hyf+s of elements are corre0qh2 fwo/0 xx pyxf5+ect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found in the sjw;5;6mxm4(: 0es+gdf*k y pjjeh n aeecond, fourteenth and sixteenth coej4ws: d6 ;m*y(+mp kegn5a0ej jf ;xhlumns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine to produce botb)qw sv5 1fd8uh $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia (qkq 8 iv.ci 1jo srgc*5iu0:iu sv8e-2$NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of thbhz8cn:. a5aqi- z0v je periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding th:m74owh38lgk c7r:h v irnfa7e periodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to largest rahqe,qusu7 7f(dius?

The oxides of two period 3 y)xgsqk cmaxqxy)7+ ap )zt7j-a.zjmg/ z39: elements, X and Y, react in water according to the equations below. 9:j zygz zc+3-smtyx a)gjaqm/axp7xk) .q 7)
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization energies (A(g)→ ebp3 qeay1l,)c is9mp+a0zm3$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not pkj,l.x7zb +fxp60dp9kb; w jchange in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the1m c/ djmdw-- ( h6o;0fgmknxd following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is ke(qb. lrw9y9c98cxwm 0u:vhshown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for these isoelectronic specj.fmak edp 34fh5h4r)i45prha k)f.f 34emhdjes?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) o5o 9ne/g 6mrxq-ub i/has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.