Which of the statements below gives a correct feature ly ibym/3ve4+of a ligand?

  Which of the following can be 3;4ip)c oiuhdbbl/i;2 ij yg9have as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is sh-ghx6db*ot) y own below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic pror5g,m qq b60ogkzi 6g/perty of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of v) /ocm1;itp*r m /pynganadium in the periodic table, as shown below: nimp/py; *t m1o c/r)g

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts wy*oucm 5n kpe.dr2u1/ould form coloured solutions when dissolved in water? oye 5nc1mp2kud* /.ru
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents t nwvfxgqc* t1/n7(qyn.xt:(e he definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component( pm tol*am5v9xm917tf x mc)q of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidi yeg5gr)vz +v:c due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction fvf lpm-l8 nbx8ee2:0t or a shared pair of electrons in a covalent 8e-p v:02t8llex bfmn bond?

  Which of the following is NOs;drqd yu:2 rp pr:.(,.rpit0 y/tijbT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the n)n7p0e42rsh 3 pmojofirst row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a szm ha j s9,q,7bvyyx89wid bb:nix+3 q,zf5e0olution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic com ndvww/y19e-chdud*(gd; jp -ponents, such as solar cells and computer chips.y1c-(* h wd;djeu9v n p-g/wdd Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the valencej eiul9/nu:lst /s/v/ electronssusj9v ue/:t /// linl in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elems)ldd7p -,oqjents has the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements ka9an.*p+xy+fu :a gxabout acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two tc7 0((rjvg++kdkwbzih8y-sz(do u* main factors causing this trendu+(ydv(z7(+ko0 z kgwj c- i*rbsh td8 are:

  The electron affinity of carbon is l o-li pw5 j.:(k,etik 4wir5c$-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the xs*rq wma7;cqc2)5kpt jd v; 5same row X or column Y of the periodic table, some features of the out)xdk q2j;c7 c5w;v*t5a sqpmrer electron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form 0)b e5w yc/:i fl2abpvboth 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct1 oa3lsoa2 6nf value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a difc( hbh7tc.4bixjl c,a-rhc hm; s); t3ferent arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element desc-b)mh7ia h,rcxs3t tc.4l; hj;bc( h cribed below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compoufe4w(7o8b c )m0j / xrlxsc:odnd formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct fy f1kdzy fq;uqe4/53 kormula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is3lmk5hgn8wp8 lf 3,.yp qwry.pq)8ej the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the)t:kgzksk o4 6czj6b6 periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope oc+3fd a9x3lsa, xdh5ie ca4 9pi7g j8xf an alkali metal. Which of the following is a possible symbol for atom X?'+adxp,l 9 ahcdei3 ascj8x597xgfi3 4

An atomic nucleus of element X isklv.2fgi6 (ey surrounded by electron shells, as shown below:fiek.v 2gl (6y

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration odb0m ;rkgm (c2f a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidajfmn1+i, ,ceation states?

  Which of the following statements regardpf3s(xn.fm.-;r)ij ls.dc:n5xx z poing the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the element8 cnq5n cdk5/ oda5sg-*c2vuts nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particulardsoak2cd-gv* q 55n nu8/5cct order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regarding the tv1ifygkj zfn(2 n*azn:dn4*iimk5.( ransition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements rni4t,/ixa)xsd n 4id2egarding the melting points of elements are correct)niiin 2d4 x4d /xast,?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur areu/6g vvn b ;:ise5lf-t found in the second, fourtelegtfi nvbu5v6 :;s-/ enth and sixteenth columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine to produc6e xvnq2nw qu6wu53x-e both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia (9 *8kn +lrnmp9fka tt/$NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the periodic t1y x:yj:e0nrfable.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic tabl59 jf -tbzwav 1ge,b-ke is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct ordxb*8 4o h:oolher from smallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, reacchm:lg djftj/:ri*a)pn 4, /xt in water according to the eq*:h4l:gdt/mjca j x nfir/,p)uations below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding (ullz nf aa g7a kwhe6mv1;sy(j7, 7-hthe first ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of theo4*r7n+kql 7-gyri2d 3lcmfb hihe66 following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the followijz .ro kok+4z9ng compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the table belowfmyxsg :b iri 2aaznp7-c(:3 7:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for h / 1lill )lfb*em9md2these isoelectronic specime llbd9l 1h2)* m/files?

The bidentate ligand, phenan) b6 dnjm+d7hlthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.