Which of the statements bejerm6:;kw8 n-hadxes6 eb3x 3 low gives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following cane3hjqc v -he9nm.y*dnye n:5; behave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown beloya4h*xju a1c0(o wax*8;oda w w:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of transition metals? p lajv*;)t:jsi *tp0eu1 fu 4g
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown b 6aq62cye2 ubbelow:bc26q2 bua6 ey

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts woawwd; vwg*zi(m ,r00 sr9v9mvuld form coloured solutions when dissolved in wat;d mv0z(v9,v9wm0w sa i* rrwger?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionization energyf*/k b ,xq+.as+ocz) hpnir7g?

  Which of the following is Nufk vv; wdf92g 1fy*0nOT a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidicq,c0 ssk7ym*h (:i *gw)ta.s cvro2 om due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the lmbvsjxflwhvx+q p) i457109g east attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a c+ xmp l vj)47qswf59hib1xg 0vovalent bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true ry1z z-h8 r(u +0 0k(yf3dtsh,(a9bm xagrbzlof metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first row of tf1/d7svhk.s n;yc*j4 noe hl. 5s a)oche $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissol gil v vr)snnqn8k8 ec;52qx39ved in water would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important )*3kwujva7sq k )x ((nrc:gcoroles in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of th)x(a *3knkg7owc )rvs q :ucj(e following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from3mv ;lm7glw*9z vvzn . their nuclei than the valence elzvwn ;* .vml3lvmg z79ectrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ionization z8qdtujuqs 3 **jl2u0energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/5dgq0w uj6 jlx,n .6kmare true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity dej0l0d.hv)mym(-p b pycreases down the group. The two main factors causing this tren pjmym ypl .()hd0-b0vd are:

  The electron affinity of carbon is m9bht 7kqei k5g,n;8u fr :y8m$-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the period/; vfu)xn-.8j u 8pr;1lcrgt lu +atrxic table, some features of the outer electron shell rlv/+x)8xntagrrt u1lfc; 8;u. ur p-jemain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ comply 5 3e0n7t kuv*94dhkojx/g duexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correce3bnm)h p0 nae-/,ilpcm2speq2 ohs 4k:h4 j*t correct value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different ar ,e2; +k7b +:lm wsgfpb/f)pthmkmqq.rangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented usiw2+tl/p7qf gmh :.b e;mp,qk)mfk +sbng orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula npg7ic5 ha07pof the compound formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formulahf1pr4;ro8a koyx,t 4 u ea5*g for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct formu*q m3(td /mcoala?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the coroa3:uxa/p30z cd f in,rect formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a pow p +9 ddbe0y;6t0rdrmrc/j::xopat:ssible symbol for rpd;at ::bjy90/cr 0e+x:ptmrd dw6o atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrou u)apd:cvp +.gnded by electron shells, as shown below: pu.:c)dg avp+

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is m 4q u/) hn*s 9xsfdywu3l 3xguz/:2dnshown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elemh1u ml-4woa e,nc6ve(r3 s ;auents with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the perimefol71qs)wh8fh; b sr,3,tw odic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data flp4d9z.yh5 i 1vguwa z.6dfr9 or the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no parwrd6 izv1y5lfpga u.9.94z hdticular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regarding the t zh*c a)dqme 5;tri8,eransition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting poi6b ctk-8eqtwbd ewz * r-;0d+u+dzl,j nts of elements are correzcd-,8+dduk ewrlqt6; ezt+b0j-w b*ct?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon0cl;ue/w4uzpr) 0x .m ;c jmww and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteen p;/uwc40 euz0w;l.rcwm) xmjth columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine to prodle3+vo bii z*8s.z l23oec7vtuce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammoni0u2u spx +2ljra ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an elementyo7 da1 ze*ya 7ahsnt;zby4 +/ in group 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periokmkw+ 6+*:deiww5q a hdic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to largestc/70w1yt pu,7(w ,adfvfvsgb radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elpy *mri **wae 0ml/8m gs,q:m7um,oqaements, X and Y, react in water according to the equations belo g0wl,*qmru spmoa/meaq im7* 8m ,y*:w.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization endep v4d.j od8 e7hz5g,.nce+nergies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the followia. *p2ixqcf*bng except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the follopgx:ycm p,x*wa06aj.r3 be;fwing compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is q)-vlseum)eq xl ;h28shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for these isoelect ze( n6+(ca( nuyq2:4fjnb yqb as,e;nronic species?qqj4+ (bcy z en;e(6f 2bnnsu:na(y a,

The bidentate ligand, phenpldql-c),-) 2 yabmk wanthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.