Which of the statements below gixf pac m ,-b8o2 not2l7z*7dgpves a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behave as a ligand? l6tqw:cqi4 ln;)rh86 vest, e
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shoe/x946turcy x4d 7qcxwn below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of transition met/aojbb ymkb/3e 9k0 4-ovlo a,als?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium q43:rzg gb5w pin the periodic table, as shown below: 3q:gpgrw zb 54

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts woulya.j cvex/++6vouo 3wd form coloured solutions when dissolved in watxvvj/ 3 +uyw6o c+ae.oer?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionization energy?aaoc3 ,w *y2kb

  Which of the following is NOT a potential componea 9ru1jc eu/pgb o100mnt of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturall0nll q+vk ofks s7 ce-/ha(;h7f jru4.y acidic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a sharedb41o,1vydl rm pair of electrons in a covaleyr1 ,bv1 lmod4nt bond?

  Which of the following is NOT trum.i 6++ 9 qp-pocfhtq5pw riqvkk 3o4)e of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element +wu j3+ia,onsoj ,i-zin the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in waterjuo3(t2pw5q izv..k r would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in eleu xbsppda-m 4020g62n8r oqxectronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. sr -q2e0bmdxgp8 6 pun4 xa0o2Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the valen d67:j,ej a2id0fns 7sdgo-xrce ed2-ns o,i sgfax6j 7edj0: 7drlectrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements g9roerta2-/ n has the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following +pt/w s 9o:zbds4z3uwstatements about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. Th6yb-pq :mvh)l e two main factors causing this tren -)q plbm6vy:hd are:

  The electron affinity of carbon isdso4vk;wo2w/m vg/ il(40awy $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y o , fhkvt+/xkh un-tg3: /daodm l--ep)f the periodic table, some features of-3vtnp-,mthx/ -had+ ukfd:g /l)oe k the outer electron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that,alt: jneq4-wli: 5 es can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correc 09dtyu9xlk4 -hk u9crt value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element containsp7 y gyx8*ljhdf5 fj,- a different arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine th-dgjfy8xfhl j5 * ,7ype identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound f lyqzx5yr7*9qy2cjqh,m;qe 3f +ej w 1ormed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct form:c1jv- tb/ f eh+t 3efz,szsxrb02t/lula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic tspx .*0 9eb3 gpwwew6ugzbn9+able. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct form0 b9h6r;usiynhom q94,cf ro /ula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a possiblswr,h jwe l1;,e symbol for atom X?' r ; 1hswe,wlj,

An atomic nucleus of element Xqflza05; 3o or is surrounded by electron shells, as shown below: zf ar5l;o03qo

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron conf26wwm :egq kzi14p; usiguration of a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical inpwv o h; g*yw*5e8//mtuu5poxidation states?

  Which of the followinaikm;l/6w9vlaw :ex sufq / 30g statements regarding the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen 4;b.)nm0 wr8pd gik)yhno0ou k8z 8zpawu9/ u, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular orbu9 o pur u8di)p 08okzzw)yan.;n/04wgk8 hmder:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true rega2*oq;lv vb; pz5lj i9vzp9hh/rding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting point5 m3 o5dm8wtmhg(d+t as of elements are coa3wt m d+h55 g8mtmo(drrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found in the secugl )czw r9-o4ond, fourteenth and sixteenth columns of the periodic 94u)crlwg -oztable.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metatq260vvzh 4 xzl that reacts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammoniaid d;ykqm9kxff2*0i*d 0 +qjd ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2;/-l g30*c9 n xh)xgzu .4ggzhvvut bs of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic tabl qypuo-l( 5zz1pg /3b4cjba)se is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smal/3vrnudu n+hlgw0a 8)b r)r 6plest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements,n:/t (zcazc1 a yi(:mw;fui /j X and Y, react in water according to the equatioz1acija/c( /w: m:n yft;iz (uns below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization energies (A(g)4h,rh c y)at* hlu0 eccnf;w*k8t 6m+y→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Crwmu;f*erzt kp d (-ck()(6 wnz does not change in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same)yb - )a9g,upb za,thz in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the table below l6wg8yip+u:b:m sfj60n 6in +z7z lht6jq(oq:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct g4kolq+pg jo q7ok..0 i8m9r k hjg01lorder of increasing radius for these isoelectronic specii0gokjk.ghp 1k 8 j0lo+ o 9mqq74.lgres?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) has the struct o7bf,g b-5zigi e )iv+0w,keuure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.