Which of the statements belo yh ur* j,)z:(oiripw du1yx/8w gives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behave as a *ar4i 9cz x wm+,bi*,wg zs2r+wtui*aligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table isl:xhnij1 8lvo.60/d ,xks t ce shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic propertvw 7 :g7xuswn.en 65-fyve+k sy of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in thj68 x+ )fsrrtt-rcv (ee periodic table, as shown below:(x6ttv e+s)r cr8j-f r

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form col 9ave:lxpa q s;s09rm.oured solutions when dissolved in wate9.9rpal sax:; mqs0ver?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation representsf5ewm61qzu:3dl r 2ve the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component of acid raind8k wly h080zpa6aw1 w37ag fp 7htf-d?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acicxjno*6gitd1 k*/i 2wdic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would havequ; n*eti9v)jkn all 1 di.y30 the least attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a coval9)le1n*i va. n3qk 0ildtyu; jent bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true9 cy ebl0t: :box;pd9o of metals?

Iron is a magnetic eokv9sol,:p o;o x 7a*element in the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water2kq *y 1e(,4tlsxymosum(* o l would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important rolejdxa nfef.avh 8f 7p. 2o;dd 9n/dz0hmm y245es in electronic components, such as solar cells a97ffof 2 d /;enj4y8h2d5m.xz 0vp aandd. ehmnd computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei tha (chef.uy xn.k32sml6d7x k0jn the valence electrons iu s x0cnm jh72.ky xke3(ld.f6n $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has 5ap-4g pbd8ms the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/are true 9ojlan+*aartg(qm+-b7gn) e?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two main factors 8a,s2s :dvwh qcausing this trend aresqh:v2 dsaw ,8:

  The electron affinity *s(0*qurq kl 5jn31w so1xlp sof carbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of thetj b kl7 qw6 z:1)a.y0(zkbbmb periodic table, some features )zbbz(atk 17qy:kwm0bj.b l6of the outer electron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that c7xrxl mli (z 1:4r)*rrzzd ka2an form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct vail7+oz-xybtp.0 ,j1ugeb nj; lue of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a p06ayj : lfc.e: bv7uqdifferent arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described6fpquby jlac :v.70:e below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium and nitrogsv ;cm-6; wtkzen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula ljs-*mxa 513 n0/m avcr kg7etfor strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct form n39s2ki p,eslula?

  Metal M is in group 2 ofc8m o+m(8pnlnem +h1ich3n ywm1, bh4 the periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an au :i:p+kjvn1 zlkali metal. Which of the following is a possible sypv jz+uk: n:1imbol for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shells, as shown beloxost*6a1c8t mw: *tsc6a8xm1 ot

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is showxxgd65uou:3 o fbqibw . (x 3kc-y82apn below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound conta ra8tzjp+0;yo b 4q6ond/ 8rnp(qzpk(ins two different elements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regar+qyc gq y 1r kl 6ni.cklc,xo(*+y:h+yding the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorin9 rhwzk-/nnr *y0qp2y mi.,7cc ukt8he, sulfur and chlorinr / .t,2zn 79hkwkcr0yc*uy8 hpq -nime in no particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true r l/ 9rr w8tljrpul 8v9/h6pmm*qcmp8 1egarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting points of elemey5n 1mal5b8bw nts are cor al8n55wm1 bbyrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are fa6njsdysg g*) p zb/;)ound in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth columns o ga)6*zn ssj;dg)/y pbf the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition *we6ckim 3a1s metal that reacts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia cwf6z,o6y bi)($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of9cw hr 8+,+brzd vcl-a the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periopk.v8im dtjo)h -) j+cdic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallestv ki:5*2d)frs ywwkfxompn +z j22h:+ to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in w ;m fdmat -2jhlzw.u3qo57v 3pater according to the equationla u23 jz;mpmwd.57 q3-tvfh os below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the fiutw e1ja 6w wwc6k.l86yhqw:(rst ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the followi6m(jcjp99hv kq f8-egng except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following y*um3;rvp* wg compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X ij;vns 4n.kjjk3tx(2s s shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct orr o 2o)qc;i9i etxzirib204- 4k4ylykder of increasing radius for these isoelectronic species? 4o tkr k;2ce-lq)24rz0iyi b9iyox i4

The bidentate ligand, i7/m z8t5g k6zt0dt miphenanthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.