Which of the statements below n0vhr;xp wxi8mz5y1sq . o+ (rgives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behavj svfwlfm62(tbn. 3x)e as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic tab1w -fzi((5 cj omsi(mlle is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a charac,tr7qy9 p2asl;:y nbgteristic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in tqfn1znz 619n lhe periodic table, as shown below: q19 zfn6z1nnl

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutions when dissolv4 un2 e;swoem )-oqk:red in wate-r:es n )oe;o4k2qwum r?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionizatl*jrts r6a62 vion energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component of acid rb*hxw :o0migujuuz7d99/e46z obmw )ain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidoa5 f6dyn2 zu(hvk+zx7 -a:juic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared pair of electryoc2 j9np ,p3 co3u:ggons in a covalent bon:opgp yj 33un2g c9co,d?

  Which of the following is NOT /o 2jdac:nj3 o4*i3g( qmccdhtrue of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in kr.x:-r6zldg 0i7qnm the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a solution tcm:pmz6i:8/oj l81y 2ue yglbn1fm, p hat is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic components, sxdxue8dxk1k/ lm48 a4wd)oa ig2, lg+ uch as solar ce 4e/laxlgxd2mi48kkg8+ua1 x d )o,dwlls and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei t u g b1me7wllre(tn;5dkhe q691g*e/ghan the valence elewd1g hl6e57kg * mgne/ureqlt b;e91(ctrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elem2q0 u*kkgaou* tbt00j- x ,yudents has the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements9hm km/8kshvh6 tn+6g about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. Tho lj d3zd l/qu0up46qggl,, 4he two main factors causing this trend u,oj6 0,/gzq g4h4ldld l3uqp are:

  The electron affinity of c7 1 kyxnj+mb p4vv6(2q:-mnwpdj4 rljarbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the*e 06gifh8c ax .lhn 5c gktkd0ib)m,) periodic table, some features of the outer electrc856himbikht,)l fg ceda *0 k)gnx0.on shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and+)8 (em xjehqb 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct value kbu w.rn4 ( ug;rheltmp( 4g96of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different2rsr7hz0k:ssqr e2h l f;f6:v agx ,m/ arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.x7s:2gvm / 2 rhra0l6:;qkrfh fsez, s
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed pct4ux; ff q0p3 1b xqa;p7,wfbetween lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the corrck;gu(4 l(q ta)4j/p nr.lbvs ect formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Whichsw3n)psc fm nayi0ds: )-q41b is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periode 1kwjjbh a)+7mj ,bk4ic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which gg -p.3ib: g(hnw/mlvof the following is a possible symbol for at.g-(:g vh3 plbw/mni gom X?'

An atomic nucleus of elemenw2ld,t4s w ,mmt X is surrounded by electron shells, as shown below: ws 2m,wtlmd,4

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is 2uo7 9usrjgu:pxwcz (7dq1;30wfhc mshown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with idenr*88o cav3rb z5i2 cxptical oxidation states?

  Which of the followingmgk;h 0 :3iskpre ;ux; statements regarding the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, suldjv)c:/ zn;ceh hj);yfur and chlorj)dzvcy/)he h ;j:c ;nine in no particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regardrd(ilyazz* 9(d7j.(r m2 fyii zuo2a-ing the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements r; zg s8cwu ybe7 02;4z(-lkey-fqm kcyegarding the melting points of elements are corsb-y u8-zy(c2 ;yg4cefz7w kqk;el 0m rect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon q, wx.o-9 ys:qxmbpl3and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth x9wpxq:q, ls b.- om3ycolumns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine to produce b y)euh-7,w p5f5uwacboth $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia ; rkgj 4cors)t*yjgb xe3o+.:($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the periodic tabl2aa mo,yk w3poxqnc j)()0xy* e.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic tabloe:tgp7ui* 0u7stp f9e is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order frfvphvx ji6ov:2 )am4ieo1r 44om smallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements,5 my8v-.hv2hnfa- jn.i5nj yz X and Y, react in water according to the equations below.5vjy .f n8 hvn5yi-z. ah-nj2m
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization energies (Aaob+/x wn+y5s(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the followingun w79ha35sg7/ tf+ o(cciks o except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following cv ci8cr8sf*f.a53 l+r5xda l sompounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the tablnz2n t e:y/ct)x):u wke below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of incre,5fcz ;t g/anqkrcs, s:qn 2m*asing radius for these isoelectronic species,/a;c :gktfs m2q r5cnzsnq*,?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroliu+j9 mmkn w1 krtbq298ne (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.