Which of the statements below gives a co,7 e-zwuv ;zduuo+,:k9c.lpbt hr(fl rrect feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behave as kaaomb9a s)0 y-st+v) a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic tabg ;:m2,u+5,9 rlbceds k iqmwkle is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characth4ag.-lh)/ +pzi7e pbh1jdyc eristic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in th1 s):jue tp3ts x+eex-e periodic table, as shown below: txjt)eex3ue1:s-+s p

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured solutions when dissolved in wat,,lgdvm xzj(ernqb :at* + 7 d7hdfqdgs9) 1b1ezl,g:7)bn gjevqx(dt9m+ sdfb *,ahq 17 dd1rr?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation representiuk9ot dnp87(s the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component of acid rain?-hod s qwriirzo:gqy8uih:5) i;y 1;)

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolved __________zqpwfz5 dg j) m8ba30*.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared pair of elb:dx6c-rl,dbu si (eu7 y. yh6ectrons in ax:yebru-db s, dlu6(6yhc.i 7 covalent bond?

  Which of the following is hk5: 2 v8-p4iia;gezb*cwl abNOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first row of theu(cfbo 6nggz6-t p, t,s 97pe5m nhh;o $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water y.m-j2eztu, hkw- kfc) dyx(: would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play imposfk we5 r5pz86 fhq-s(tm5 vz9rtant roles in electronic components, such as solar cm9 -5qs558zhzs6kp(vt rw effells and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuc0,wu7 .he 1/ pci9fav5;rcxc,idcemklei than the valence ele7umer/dc c 5kpwhxa ; i1 ,c0vf9,.iecctrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highe/i z:*mo-) q(k;vl zmkny5eb tst first ionization energy?

  Which one of the follow/k/tk1znnv6 gfm2 -bx ing statements about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down tn/ ln)e5num ,l9hr-+0ufq ts hhe group. The two main factors causing this trend am9lrnt5u slhqh )-,un n+/0e fre:

  The electron affinity of carbon is (q92kux,/k x t,loia 9ytxh/a $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column arw* ,gag9pop: *9x l5zbg;mp9dftw;e l5k3wY of the periodic table, some features of the outer el;peoxlgg5lk; *g9 wbdap 9f 953mpat,r:z*wwectron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and 3-:t wk9hb8 v ki hag3lsqpd:-5+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct 8 ,-gxn2ix5bllq;7fkmh uch2 value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contain;8)pvj sc9pwujtd . l:s a different arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations cc);jts 89: plu wd.jvpan also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithiuib45qlqh9 4h.bbyia s9qp 7r8 m and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula fjh+g2c 4md cw9or strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the co++ q/ lumew ,dvb4oh8srrect formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the corrn z.giobc wn5w7mi5jh *e5,y -ect formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a possje*y*x .jb/g yible symbol for atom Xjx ge* /.yjyb*?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shells, as shown below2xhl;t/ 6a:s/ mcpch s: pt/m cs 2ac;/xsl:h 6h

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is we20n (/0 d10sicphswmp3osvshown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with ivwgk( uikphrb .9x7x3 c(x6f8dentical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic tab*)dufsd d g2d4le are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fp k2x b a)c 0n8dp6a 2g1erhfgy4+twa+luorine, sulfur and chlorine in ngx16w0etpha pd +ca 2 )8f2a+rykbn4go particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statemenvx2fm+i7a*treceg 1yy d/p6 5ts are true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statemes b0n*dtd q4/oy*, balnts regarding the melting points of elements are correcd0sb4tbdal** noq,y /t?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, siis8t al4s4m;blicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteent la84 4mti;sbsh columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorii d*7 mvxlrwrgc;(5f4i e(i5j ne to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonwjhrdc)- 0y ( lpk2f9sh-us y,ia ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element iofh sdv +p)kx:b6-2b zn group 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic table iwqli d 0c,5 b;ssh*d)/mq8 ruks true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to largestc;g k8/3i ueup radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elec,omo r6jpnjl -x03 4u9z g,dpments, X and Y, react in water according to the equatio3urj6n-, p0pco4m dgojz ,xl 9ns below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement rega d8rfdmr6;3csrding the first ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not ch/4dyu8- r1u ve/db7dfzfc/y gur(u/vange in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following compounds exceptol3aun9,kp w* :

The successive ionization energies for element X is show9exfw xky*8s 0n in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increaszot* a0u kyn *kcbh(69ing radius for these isoelectronic specieyt**nzk 0h9 cbk6oau( s?

The bidentate ligand, phenanzbb/ jcq7u ;8vthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.