Which of the statements below gives a correct feature of a l;, 2zfpwm 0se:t2jaln igand?

  Which of the following can behave as a ligacfu11;1jdbhm7 7hebwdve, 6gnd?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the period;;v8iiwtdo umockb 4c3,hh06ic table is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristzzq1cn-/ b -h*tk-z*um9ybp xic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the x0t2sqz rk)f- periodic table, as shown below:fz2 )-trx0q sk

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts wouldmt xanjnm wcu2:i -hlnc83 ; 1uc2(tu1 form coloured solutions when dissolved in water?; t1ilhmw: 23u(c ntuj-n2c8mxu ac n1
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equatiof;5zzaqwthssd x30k(( ur8c6d in1 0mn represents the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential c+hou5 57ccv rr. c+3n,efrd bxomponent of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to di9wa cgt17 :eb01vr9sa ckb4zbssolved __________.

  Which element would have the leasm e;en ;cxc:o-;j:;oi iwx,awt attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bondw n;aw-: x;x;ic mcej,:;o eio?

  Which of the following is e65hsonre9 m 8NOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first row or8*v,bwd s1w cf the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce kl955q2 g luaka solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic comsc45cr nyf-v6om 4v*wx/ c/exponents, such as solar cells and computer chips.6e4rcxvxoc/n4y5 cfw /*-vs m Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are fj;c9*c2q 8c3qh zg yvmarther from their nuclei than the valence electron2 8h;cg9v* cyj zcm3qqs in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ionization eneuiu(dsvb4 cet4x 8; v37k xr5ergy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/a )nsnuii m*m5gy o7:v-re true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the groupvd l 3/(jdlgb*91kzyd. The two main factors causing this tr dj3v*g1ldlb/k zyd (9end are:

  The electron affinity of carbd0rh)/ntiw 9 a(omq)con is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the sa,os0,.zfzsww vzn tn4to*1/ yme row X or column Y of the periodic table, some features of the outer ele tzv ,ss,y14n*o/z.oz 0fnw twctron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ cob)p 9-nc yu-1iaa, vh0ak zb8hmplexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct 87 k)kap; fl jed,:yfe4zn2 gkcorrect value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of electrons, and these electres(-t+8,zqbj gq gmp 9on configurations can(ggq+-q 9bs tzmpe8j, also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed bet1x2dq ony,;iur z*w/lja: h9ma3w v5tween lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula for strontium su6hvii9htsu g +/ q;m3olfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is9,cma e( )ar/ka)ghb3j *ml( vsojxv3 the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the pen5 e br9dequ62riodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a possizs.xpw7 c/r9 oble symbwz7/xsr9 o.pc ol for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shello6px9jp kp ,4ds, as shown below: ,6po 4pdk9p jx

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is shown belo:jko 8qz15f qphh/ r 1erz8j:yw:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different e ud2j,e-5g0dhe ;e knvlements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic tabht ocpek)pdad 93 a82*le are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and qjcxdi5c 0k-1w2r/nn chlorine in n cc05 -rkn1wjdi2/ qnxo particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the followi6/sz+7.a h*fqtqh ;zqp cd/ yung statements are true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting points of elvmr6ozai8n8)rz *s;8 q5 djxmements are correct8*o5qnjx6d) rrm;z8sv miz 8a?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magne:i rf(zzj*i d4sium, silicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth columns of thei r*j: (fzdzi4 periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reac.- i;u xzc6 k(ub3w8im lxw87hckwt c7ts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonbk6ep*+ tcxfb n9e4r9 ia ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element inyw(tes /)d/t k group 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the perio ,.mvm 2vswfr-dic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from s 1z4*n jkn4mlsmallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X an0i2cen;-tpwv2 6 gmhzd Y, react in water according to the equapw6zn 2chm-e0vg;it 2tions below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionizatiil c*0(sz 4cgh+mj wm,rk, r4zon energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the fol.ir 9(nj468h rjo s,s hpnxdj/lowing except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following compounds except09xbqg /v w6ikb7;gj)tjak0r :

The successive ionization energies u76i b1/add 8kaoalw1 for element X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order8:pc ho4 :l1 f3ijzzfe of increasing radius for these isoelectronic species3fp:cif 4o zz e1l8:hj?

The bidentate ligand, ph r*gl2diqp2 1x-w0qplenanthroline (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.