Which of the statements below gives a coi0nn8+asiw n 7rrect feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behave aj t6;4 jbogh/) ekbh3ws a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is sho06v mvk 3rms.h7wz*,p ;,(knwyckoza wn below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteri6wpjbq1v6t +-tsg-shcumwy: a. e88 bstic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vancqc39qb-gn fg(s d*q i* )vp4cadium in the periodic table, as shown below: fc cv) q3gb*qip-*c q49s dg(n

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form j-0cb/(s:v usopp+eh coloured solutions when dissolved in watesp+ ochvj p0e /b:us(-r?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equatiiyf5spa+ 6t) hla0ka7on represents the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a pote0nimx8kr 7xs jb.-prb p- ,(fmntial component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally aci .lw)h jw2/iey761qhfw iu en-dic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared x 48-zqmc5falpair of electrons in a coval 854 flc-qmxzaent bond?

  Which of the followid n74a-e 07cpghb(lok2am 0crbh s-f- ng is NOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element86 jipu3ewa/e(f m ec: in the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissoklf3 5-, 9d i2mkfpvdllved in water would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements plaa 8r0+r 8vocchgo/aba.2o5 i6wcl5o bq g+m5t y important roles in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct def a6omco5 goc.55wlat8+ c+o rbb0vh8ar2/iqginition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nucl8v:dwp0dsm.h / 1uyg 3f9xauuei than the valence elec:hp0m89uy. d 1 /uxvsw3dgfu atrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ionization e:5x)mfads 9)hjy o1scnergy?

  Which one of the following statements about ax-le4q lt5n*d cids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two main factors3bh0ky*wb-t , n2x (gs/bugta causing this trend are:2bxas(tgu -/,gw b3 0y*ktbn h

  The electron affinity of carb *) vrzltl/la.on is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the 9 aqxrco( -pr+periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell remain constaap rr(o-x9qc +nt.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transitc)i*zup9w*1q f vgqb9ion metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct vub44 gxq8h c (dli)c9zalue of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a dkl3drozt9or6g; f 90wifferent arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described belor f6k;dtor39wlo9g0 z w.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compoun*bn azrxnza3aauf771pt 7/+js l 84hi d formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct fo lm8qz: s-;;mkm( 8,hocgmg4 ;zysf lwrmula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the6:.) -frku izheb )lus correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of t;w )mq j6wt;rche periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the f*pqo/3) q ncyuollowing is a possible symbol for atom Xcnqq3up yo)* /?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surroun*kc-x oz.rxu :v7x*r rded by electron shells, as shown below: xxkxcrr v:o- z7r .*u*

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of an n ;zwf0k9pd1 neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound containsfagvju w+5qfg* 1f75 w two different elements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regardvco(fd, o ,xg/ing the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nit2; ,ucxlr6mw irogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particul6xum2r, ;wilc ar order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are trvny*x; bl jf+ihi )n17ue regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting pointna8c3r5l ugqi)6(lp hs of elements are correctn() q3h i c65ll8auprg?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicoay h 4ikh )jlc)1e32tln and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth columns of the per)he2 lcik)3t hyaj1 l4iodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlos3mr5 , aph j*i)iow3jrine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia.k l/b p3nrvd0 ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 o,la thy.o ,7kvf the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic table is tr2 i6atbn0 f,3ujvhsl4,amxn 5ue?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correcnvt ty3 0ov52r8lbmf:a-m c c/paj8s5 t order from smallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3a1 ( kpb1c*cum elements, X and Y, react in water according to the equations below. *pc1(kba uc1m
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding theqhe8u * lydp qj3roa7k1;(z)v first ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change i1bi d9 yncmt-a2t5 +g3ias ie1n all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is tfs8 * 1 ve-0i*3ymflucioj:(ce u2eurhe same in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the g-t4h i -6oxmcuj 1h*r1vw6hztable below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increabg4 lz :ocd9.l 83qluxqxxc1,sing radius for these isoelectronic specie94z ldl x.:ux3o1qlg xc8,c qbs?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) has the structure mh:.l7a azq- -ec g(wjbelow.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.