Which of the statements below gives a corre2 bnhkx8u5ly9 ct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the followinguucb):cweith,(y n ui7* 87ey can behave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown ba6 k kumb j5fylfr8 6+()p9-2 oydblpj/k3vdxelow:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of trans.1ljpoj 5n f)oum7k;uition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the 28wh t96 ;pq:zq a z1xiwsnq/oz8ff:pright of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown below: 8/8p:f9f o t;6qs wp xz12inzqza:qwh

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form colowmc/g2*4q0d z,s qk3evj:b a,f g bag,35rewbured solutions when dissolved in water3:fb,gk gg b vz,es*/3qwm0dq4w2rb, 5eajac ?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionization energbx nz p;da/h*+wa( d7by?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential cow-wj.*emrbxv f4 b18kmponent of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic duerv2vb e w5z6r:-n9.gz vw1ipi to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared paritw)2ens9pn:oq )ky *,n,x wir of electrons in a covalentwkn *e,ntoq nx2iyp ,: w)9sr) bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true of metals?mf0+ d9d3:ekaxke y tm12kyv;

Iron is a magnetic element in thex+fo,;lka 48zg+yh)p ev6vzw first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in wa b,qo0 7y;unk 4;wl* mlaa6zbpu) ts3zter would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements p leyynw7j9 6:llos0dbnw*(p7lh l0:t lay important roles in electronic components, such as solar cells and 7t:(9l e 6hws7:ow 0lb*p ynll0yl njdcomputer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ areov: k: 9/tt/jk6*0khgzvzgau farther from their nuclei than the valence electru g0ko:a:ztk v/z v/j*t6ghk9ons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has thgcm, ,pyhq;z:1n w+ jw.3xcvfe highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/are tru82pdyyw) iaj4 /zhc) 9bqw30qqb2tt qe?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decrea;hmtj + fgqt)41 rfn;nses down the group. The two main factors causing this trend gn)m+ qn f;;r1ft4tjh are:

  The electron affinity of carbon 74wvfsmu0 8n eis $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the periodic table, soj+ q( :(v4 8x2y/qdubgwya,8gne5ee0zfrodmme features of the outer electron shell reey (+y z/mwjqgx:b ,dd0g8n4ef qeou58 (vra2main constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ coelyh,vq11.* / occvcxmplexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct value of )0sf mua+2wm*lq;f dd$x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a dizyc2c)+uv) quw :qji31rpe3bfferent arrangement of electrons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams.+cq : v1i3)2uyz pjec)b q3uwr Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound form5-y.wh9vmcvq1k-x zmed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct fo 2 yxr- fbk (oznqihq0bfx5k.g;24eo2rmula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table.nxu pt,, /pxtm1o) w4j81zff1xog2o y Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is d s3kto s15p7pthe correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a pouc3wz y6 h9:xi-s7tuxyb5j4he 3 g+mqssible symboc iy7qtuzx3u-3yjs:6h +4 gmeb9hxw5l for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of elementf zxa77a5z z8n h.0oew X is surrounded by electron shells, as shown below:zwno5e ax87. azf0 hz7

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron 3890nc+nui y 1 yrjpcm+)/ad:r aweooconfiguration of a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with ic.kba34w02gq ;9 u: qihkp ktfdentical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic tabl- dwy*)dr.odu e are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below containbr5g6mp hhx,;/x augtek37c*.l,vvv s data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlop*t hc /hgb3u vgrm;x .k 6a,levv5x7,rine in no particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regarding the transition 2 jfui8ph7 cl,metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the mepz7m* y4bt 2xglting points of elements are correbm *xtgzp 24y7ct?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found in the k5 -d2dwv)a hnsecond, fourteenth and sixteenth columns of)-dkn5 2wdvah the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reac dj2mewo q5 n6aa)1c bxlx/3v(ts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammon5f7 ul )2o*xn .vumqy h4pt:gwia ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the periodic tabl1r )gl .ekb0xor4 b2r p1fc 19klj3ukbe.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic table t wn3,r:8 soze 8cbi.kis true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smab k4jwm,(lh*lllest to largest radius?

The oxides of two perwg4yznmcxj 2z)26d fk xv16 2giod 3 elements, X and Y, react in water according to the equations below.c2)2 1xkzzgvj6 w6dmnx4 g2 yf
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization energies (A(7huke8q b.+ tfg)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the followingkyg 8k96z;3xicgp:f y arq93s except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all i7.pr 5ib:bywthe following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the tab lo,gq )em.ix9q j82xxle below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius v.gm5xophkoq 1*yxt4,r 5h b0 for these isoelectronic species?p1q4tx ,50vo* h hk5xbomy.g r

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) has th s.s6w ibo6m8 xq1ssx)e structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.