Which of the statements below gives a correct featumxb/rt q./-8 *gtrlxwre of a ligand?

  Which of the following can be vibk6mj eb-62have as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown below:o9b elgg: wex, b9j:.qhntb)fg42*jo

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of transitionk5p : mjb67tpk+ i)eap metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the rigtd trsd avw/lnt+ z:g7qx -74:ht of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown below: :7wdazxvldr tts+-q/ : g7nt4

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form colourefce-4-3v rh6prm1ykk d solutions when dissolved in water? -43 he 1vpc yk-r6mkrf
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionization zd vz )zs*)gqptnu., qjt *i;2energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential components9hykd gmz5 :6 of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to diss7 8rh8oo;s ;gz.f)9 nfjx-. g meczrysolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared pair of electw3p.z a1xgsv4 rons in a cs xp z3w4vg1.aovalent bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true of metat 3x;nz. 9;am+okqporls?

Iron is a magnetic eleme twn37mq8 fcr-/ owef0nt in the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a souk, ( py8-bettn 5fbl4lution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles u4i)x-j* x5a yhh) nozin electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the following is thehxij ua4zn h*-)5oyx) correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from theizaj,jx 9l0b1 yr nuclei than the valence eleb j,9x0lj yz1actrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ionizat7rvo;kty5 o:zion energy?

  Which one of the following statements about z)cs e4+luwnf teozd5i,c1 dp 5y4; l2acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the g/y e d4nt85qi won0mj axy*o.6roup. The two main factors causing this trend are5. 0ja*/yxdt8i 4m6ywn oon eq:

  The electron affinity x/xvku4 (dfyy8 mej qch4,b y:7etg(4of carbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same r6 * h um xv2tx0l8 4bhrh)0znxg(2xruyow X or column Y of the periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell rema4vu2z*rxtxxr8 26nlbhhu 0gx0) hm (yin constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal thatvx,qpxz s cv5-p x.h0* can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct va- y,5 y1ep. xj9jfnucflue of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of electrkm9 i6tbz27hk ons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element des7kmkbh zt9 i26cribed below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium a78n0nx uj )ifknd nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula for strontium sucs)htls7dikc )72s)clfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Whiv*m6vd: fv-na ch is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is3tpvf8)qa 5z8ype uqsr os)63z mgz;1 the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following iw4aqi5um:9rk pdy :1ds a possible symbol fo:5:w aukidp19m qyd 4rr atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shel);c0v -g,nuuerigs6 3tke az-ls, as shown below: iu ee 0k-tras;,-c6)nuv3 g zg

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuu/kt 7b .if2kb+c*-z7 : o-ky,ykhwbmyuz2 ynration of a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidathpho p fqhv*57z /7;9epfn7sf ion states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic ta a pv*t :zlcigfn.9n:7ble are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and c2/y iyujzc)p6mvq 93(5vgeh s hlorine in nou5qvys y6 /3 j)g2 cevhp(mz9i particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regarding tb8;r igk -,fp;zwof v,he transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting points of elements ivan)ij /0)xl vee8 ccl4 75gmare corre0vxevl8e c)il5)mgia /c4 7 njct?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesisz114zj egauw0l ocjm0x48 3wum, silicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteen403 wxc8 j01m1o4u wzsl geajzth and sixteenth columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal rp4t2 - *i0rar q87sf63n)aet n damtothat reacts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammoni,n4 4vgg(fmozk1,yzm fwhnufmt ;:x(s 2.r* qa ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the periodic tab(1),u go pdj7pq1fymvle.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the perfv bq9nkt -+or2+iub 6ms 7p6 /jwui/uiodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct orde xu6b58/ bbfw0 jox*zor from smallest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react ijqxb* kbf oo1f,kk:5)n water according to the equ b:o5*,kkb)fj fko 1xqations below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization energies (A6,yxk, emj dr+(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change ina1u*uv bq ko-+ all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following compo foid7pun7s) ilc2iw )/+vo6ounds except:

The successive ionization energiesy 5ptno5s 7(m+yk :qiu for element X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order4 jrsej8qwx cf /2kwncf0+6 s.0otvf)ic 7w n3 of increasing radius for these isoelectronic speciesn wx wjwqe)6tc0 78io3jkrcf2f./ 0fs4ncv s +?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) has the structursl;*h*vxioweq/h (/v e below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.