Which of the statements below gives a correct feature of a ligg )b*qou6evsj3f-qp6 rjv+ s2and?

  Which of the following can behave afijhv:x k9;yaf;pji/uyx p86 fmn /)-s a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown+. gv8zyn*es0vt13cs atc( ny below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of trans hb7)vg cub0b-ition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic tab;;dyk zx ;b.kele, as shown below:zyx.e; ;kkbd;

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form colou l20ljxc+ f 1r:kk;eth5s k+rjyiqy7xk4c :5xred solutions when dissolved in watert x x71 2ry0kk:j5k +;kil5jcxrf e4c:+lqshy?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the de u-o4vi 9uyzwoq;((z efinition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following iswa dc7rai n4q;my:l p)25xli 9 NOT a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturallurjy,v, n:j w0y acidic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction fuf9nhk pqlvw+w0/)3gj *n 8a eor a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond? awh8g+/*3kj fe9wpn0lq unv)

  Which of the following is NOT b(gqj5t)ojdb: w)eo(msints9s q: 39qki37 ttrue of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element inak +8wz ,okj:ala/ou7 the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water wmmuuqlh*; ep5p5 )e.dqf o*m .ould produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play i/lg5xp*h dfosdwgn; (:dj h(3x1oki 1mportant roles in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid1xp;o((lgdhdsh*do wx5/1 3 kj: nfgi ?

1.The valence electrons in z oyshbu23lq4i1ev8- 42lkao I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the valence electrons zu1ia b8e3-42 yhol svl2qok4 in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ionization enevf w9-9 pt -wsrhpttx*qx63sn *y/ur7 rgy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/arz i z0w(0( y*s3oukqsze true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases tdfbm9 +a tzyq/(ru22 down the group. The two main factors causing this trenf9u zy2+d(/t2amqbtr d are:

  The electron affinity of carbon i9h ,: jl++rvtip .nddjs $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the periodic table, some featurrtozz++m7dun,- v2 dv ,b y ghey5k6.(na,i jkes of the outer electro.byma( t kz zk,d6uye7v+j-, ,no2r5g h+ndvin shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form bot,exeit;y ,1bth 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correhob ylpm8 eq6z8 )k t98nspd-;ct value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrange3;dbnw kg) is.ment of electrons, and these electron configuratni.bw)dk3g ; sions can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the com*y,te -5 gyib;gys;i upound formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula for strontiu c 7xbs.;olo7ym sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 ofgy2 oodhg/pf+.2e t/ix ;pf (f the periodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct f8wl(/ 2oc4,-jeepuwts .fk d*cli, xm ormula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the followinexh5zq4 w 5pb7c l-v/pbb zm;3g is a possible symbol fo lqmhce3; -vzb b/bp557xwzp4r atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electr807ja oj sze5dvsg *dq4.;wqcoi i1x 2on shells, as shown below: iq*ddo0q5 a4sev.x 7; 8jjogw2z1ics

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atom is shwdhq3 :fg7/ma5ldk 8eown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two differfeq9 isl+(w ozeh05s/1;ahzlxd - e z4ent elements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the period,v9yn7kwg abla y;b5jq(m 30tic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nz .-ql/6sapv nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular order6vzs /. -lpanq:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statementsg cp+qyib 66*z*)ggzb are true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the meltin:r y7b1vl3ih. p nrk- h0m.fjlg points of elements are cyhvf.kbp1j 0m:-l 3 7.nlrhriorrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnes;kkdlo c9 1ep)ium, silicon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth colu;o lckk9e 1p)dmns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transitinq tlyd86 a /.4q+djtj kdu;hm45o4 xaon metal that reacts with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammoni9zj5wc0b h0tl7x,r c fa ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in fajt,rb g6hx9b-s gd.0 b0zp )group 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic hyj62rl66ik akap2 s 6table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallep y9 cu2vfc,s(d5b o(ast to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in (8b ypgkgl9) e,6rs am7c8(ar*dfn ihi 1iyy4 water according to the equations beloamy)i, (i89kr1dh a(i7 c 8gby 6se*4ngpyr lfw.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first +4akz9yyfn7c ;i*4ngl x+ao sm:h)lddx4 :wx ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the followine:x* w+p-fxm fg except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the followine6gk y;pgh gfz/ c,9poqp;t. :g compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element Xbshby).j4bf . k lyy,dz2 0lk7 is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of incre,a;f5q2ho ( klb rcw+masing radius for these isoelectronic specie qfbo(2+a c5wlr mhk;,s?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (l)9r rh4d/k)mc.xekii axv :wx:g4 0s pe.x z6phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.