Which of the statements below givyn:8dv 42av8xk epb3des a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following cabx1/i8isd 7ain behave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic tablym2 hipii6 40le is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a charbo ghc v6 -u((miaf91oacteristic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in2,vc0 pi h/xra the periodic table, as shown below: i h0x,/ ar2vcp

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salpm usx cm8:3lijh p ln85u+/u8ts would form coloured solutions when dissolved in water? hi8puu:583 u8sm/n x+plmljc
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equatio 22eso.ad,4. c ucihqin represents the definition of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT a pot.57di9osx p- wc w6 0zqgjrq6mential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolved __________.fz xjmh9rhx*v je;d60 v101xmv *jf 2h

  Which element would have the least attracao-7 f1 a1yedytion for a shared pair of electrons in a coval y7a 1-1afeyodent bond?

  Which of the following is NOT true of metalsw5f47mtbfk w(ta;2j:* umqnx ?

Iron is a magnetic element in the firstuxyr.x9r7ob: row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would pro f9u6p;w zv0vv8h:de educe a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electronic components, such a- qc(oi2*ygj xs solar cells and computer chips. Which of the fol-2j(oyg*iq cxlowing is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons inn0c69ys-x(ayad-k rme dw 4-c I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the valence elec- ax4wy0ys(dmk9c ec andr6- -trons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following ele:65l9: s u lpz*vm vbn6ffzo6wments has the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about azt1* 3s n,d ipm0lfkwt6;y*j(y8dsnvcids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two main factors ce2v6wopbs agg7ky3v6 q/jo9,qv r*q -ausing this trendav2qgv6wo y7- qp,vrqs kg9jb6 e*o/3 are:

  The electron affinity of csrds p e-pj r;ku644k7arbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the periodc g0/+ldq/cnoic table, some features of the outer electron shell ren+/cog/lc0 d qmain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both -e 1gt1r; zm sf6s,5q ayghyd,i-u/uc 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correco(esu v6(r+, /ldeeqc l vz77gt correct value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of electrons,)syp hqh7 f).ux 5das+pn2a o;1w1ch j and these electron co php f7 wn.+jy;osxas11qadh))uc 52hnfigurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the cogofu/8(.h us h oa-:fzr9r5m gmpound formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is t rw 7e:nk,7 ks/fv+h(vyqs.slhe correct formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correcblao+cjp3 be+h3kxg nc )xht1k4a92-t formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodie)1h 6fb b4 jjk,xz)nhc table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of 9vriup /l3h*0 v .tzbu-lbyv7an alkali metal. Which of the following is a possible symbol forbu*ur 3 yv7.ih9/ztv-0lpblv atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of elemeub -d6ga ic07bnt X is surrounded by electron shells, as shown below: b7-a0ugcb di6

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of 5 cfq5x ut)d rb1t 0an8a)hr/la neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical ox5 xywii*s j q2o--s r1hws(be8idation states?

  Which of the following statemenfkl69+ ag.z8 jolqu r5ts regarding the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the ell,4q wc 5mx;jce3xyq2ements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular ojq;xqlec ywx3 425,c mrder:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following sta1wzah:75.m0syjb 2c.yo 1bl (sh whxctements are true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting points of elzeacz o1w f1:1deo-c;l0q9 iwements are correct? ;qlwc-d 1ze z0o1fw 1coea:9i
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are fokadgoo9j2d9w / aw/f)und in the second, fourteenth and sixteenthjo k df)wd /ga/9wao29 columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chloxken33l/x /b(y .mlkurine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia (j2xqsljjq49 h o64n:l $NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the pero.orjt4(iaf 0iodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic tabl wo5cxz1xt3ectcd,pov 1c4 ..cpoeorx ;,*.re is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to lf6h j.p:kb 3ytargest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 element6- *n2 :xxjgx bcc/oxd-hca r1s, X and Y, react in water according to the eq/: 1 *-2xxrxcbcj-hx gandoc6uations below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionra rd c,,jqf55.lhr ejn2dzw9:g-s 9e ization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in allt 9mq -rx;)d/+id*jx,j5 kiu8bt llxr of the following except:

  The oxidation number oo 24mcr,yd r79knptqq ,p6,du f X is the same in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for elemeqxm* c*urxr/0p vd3t (nt X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for these isoelo9 a3g7veqr 19uwnh w6ectronic specior w9n7vqg3w9eahu 6 1es?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) na+zu30oygc3has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.