Which of the statements below gives a cn jxm+5*sf/ ek .ueiv-orrect feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behavxd(mwequ56 w/e as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic (o 55al da4spbb4 yq+wtable is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic propeotr+kb -fvhak.- y(8s rty of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic0;5*r uvmrm8/p9ekkkn iqo7 2x jt9j w table, as shown below: / eom8ukmr wqkjn vxk2j509rt*7 p9i;

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salt(zd 8n3zvx m+ll z.*,n1n :4kihyqvbu s would form coloured solutions when dissolved in wate 8zndyu1*vk:,nvbz nx3 m lq .(zhl+4ir?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionw:cv 71*wawb h yi8*lfization energy?

  Which of the following is NOT ax-;m/n 4bwsg - s+rcty potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissolved _______3*erq zykjrykzb;cu.wm 1:3/ ___.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared pair of electrons in.yjufj+r- ciy 5cv9+ xlv+:vqignk51to9g l5 a covalentlxi + yy+:o1c k5vvr59j-qul g.tjign5f9 c+v bond?

  Which of the following is aayi +8*he(6euqec2 xNOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first row oxh( jnpx+s)) af the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would producxqzqu/171to3f67ny klme,gw7l y wp- e a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play c,bui7 *.g o(qq.g fjwimportant roles in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which off cug * j(q.g,wbo7iq. the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ ab)v(h zu8hnc5 re farther from their nuclei than the valence electroch8v b)5 h(uznns in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first iougx 4 lxo kv4l*n)4na )uhya+u8hn48unization energy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/are true?o d (t,mk)djz,kk9( j*v7im fa;oaq -s
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases doh)tsd/yrz) 9 3ub6 )cjkoutz 6wn the group. The two main factors causing this trend/ sz6khud)jzc)t9)r t6b yo3u are:

  The electron affinity of c p ksah-gs;/-xarbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the periody;dt tik75:zoic table, some features of the outer electron shell remain czoi;t 7d tk:5yonstant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ compl+j7j8 9wmk p(pd5fkhc7aoyj;exes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct y x c;yr:f(6rt 7qm2* pmjksy6correct value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of electrons, and7o.;arz khcn* these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described belo *7ark o;hz.cnw.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium and nit0a .tb1 s+1okuj- o9ca7z o3t2dbhol krogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula 3)1t kye7js*w vrxdveo9-kq 7m3 vse)f-0jgzfor strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is :rlo/kt,9pzrjt5 e 5amk+1gzthe correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Wkjy4 y2.q3vo7n0 a p )rvfag6j v2sij(hich is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a possibd0xc*a q6s.hnle symbolnc.ah6 *s qxd0 for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surroungkl+f* *m k+glj/,nonded by electron shells, as shown below:nnk,kjg+/ gm *lfl o*+

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron -+42ta z/,ghc q bhgpuconfiguration of a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two d2jnzx((m-l vfn2p ct-j:nd *aifferent elements with identical oxidation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the period;xnmq8)2gvv cic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains dalk ; :-vnn4msmz4zjp k6(up (kta for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorinemn(:zkvzu(np44 m s;j -p kl6k in no particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statem6jtc/xki5:s l ents are true regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statextn+nn .-a p/ rvohr-2ments regarding the melting points of elements are coron+2h- nnr-rvp . tx/arect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found innn:9cd4s s in:hlh-4s the second, fourteenth and sli-:s49h chnn:nd4s sixteenth columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine to produco.r13 z(fktgpy 4o,ejp+l,ene both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonafn 7ttd*u.t 3ia ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in groupr) 7k: e9eaw.cvskh hs+w+2ny 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodag/z8y,ee0c; ei.8bber y w8d ic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to largest rt)0sh kta ja.w 18.-ogeg1ht3 j8eb sdadius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water accoowcmw3:ngy5 l/xr o,w8 f2.z(p,i pfxrding to the equations below. l2wor y,zn,(5 fpm.x:w g xwp83fc/io
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the fir( c4ia 0lbrqtntp7j/;st ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in aqqzk3 l t0h3u8ll of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in ak5 4-ol*5vsvyc kpcg u4( jc0kll the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X i/ f5w+ g;,sd e)odhekxhb6(rt*ziwvj 9kr6w: s shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasingg6kv4 /q8btq6l z:g hr radius for these isoelectronic specievr8z /4bqk:g 66gthlq s?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen)uxz vb:rs1d yf4 6xs*+ qej80y has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.