Which of the statements bi33i;eil *car elow gives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can bu iw6 2qob/c:tehave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table1 c tobp w(zry(p;yht 2lwh8)r;wa5d) is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below i2mle m7r wc+cs97d.a tp (2cv)dppg1ys a characteristic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown belowissk8q)bdb wa9 y9t8(:9sk bai8wq db8(tsy) 9

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts i n6kt,.. z 8pnm9qu .,xrsa4mnqeb6z+(a d wqwould form coloured solutions when dissolved in wateq4zs.k .t+ upzanq mr 96x8en(. qdi,wan,b6mr?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition .zlxi 0-ocbc,k- bnppw1: at,of first ionization energy?

  Which of the followiin e wf6 mzild)ajtd-419 al30.rpk t3ng is NOT a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dkv 8cgk 6tyc-a/qx a-f vy.;+(d 7lkinv-i.fqissolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for a shared pair of electrons i6u d:jf -l.vkbn a covalent -bl f d.k:jv6ubond?

  Which of the following is NOT true o-iv8rf1q4+vuct ih8f 2fd; s tf metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first rowuj,iup+e .6o f of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a soluti dpj7rm) hm5-gz .d6qbon that is:

  Metalloid elements play important r2. p9j+gkzehholes in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the follo+pg.z2ek jh h9wing is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the valencz6kttsm 0k6d;y *g6mce e0d s m6g6;ck*mtk tz6ylectrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ioni ;w:j6f/iyy (- hxkr nuuo/kg;zation energy?

  Which one of the following statements about )bp 6sm .jz66jn yqod,acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two mainz ;thq2qqgnx+2;n+8vw 8m)ne;oe ij b factors causing this trend8 tvq2qo ei);n; n+ 8e nmbx+qgzj;h2w are:

  The electron affinity of carbon qqk1q)w3i t9 ais $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of txwdn +sgmn2.6 he periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell dmn+6n2 .swxgremain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ andky e5 paewfpgmu*(9 r -4z2f s2b0duq/ 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct co6kth6 l :grsld* v*j 3rux,l2rrrect value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of electr2 sh,97nni 6cesjkxi1.v5eo1ixpy(j ons, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each eley1oi j cp.sh1x 2jk,9ivixsn576ene( ment described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed bet7f j*kfca5;15ut xjhnween lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct6j(k:mw.z xd r1n7o1ubzs i0q formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the c (tn ::cfmgnekdo03-6kjz 8lborrect formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct for a78wzsoje:,d hq;bu/ mula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the 4nj l+zgf+a8,-z:b(pl0y 2kahu p u xpfollowing is a possible symyhujpx k2zg 8 lul:az4+f a bp-,n(+0pbol for atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shells,5b*x1 u q:.lm ou3vuwm as shown below: wxbv.qum5:3um* o l u1

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atq.2je 6qai .ghom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidatbtg/p0aba8ncl8o1bghe:5 bz0 -q i 3vion states?

  Which of the following statements regardit8zy m-6*) 5jms-2r+1 kqjfw qfdwsfkng the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contai j)ljyaq0ny., j iz+21yp9amq ns data for the elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular ord q+)al9z2jmjai,yyq1 jynp 0.er:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regar 6k: sqwex(xj6ding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following po97fvzum3 hod -u;idm9 o2a9statements regarding the melting points of elements are correa;fdd 9 73mzi2oomuhop 9-9uvct?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur are found in the second v*oblf9;s, alf41xdu, fourteenth and sixteenth columns of the p4fl1;* vlf uo9ax,dsberiodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts wit3r.d5 f,ty rnz c8- swztjw7u9h chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia :i h*c f4svpgyy6*pdlvk*5r49ch v*s ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 ofgdh,ov t s xl(5 k2rh(;*iqrl, the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding d v 3.amyikbje*7y1 4cthe periodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to larabkn(l8 2trk x+ miptq-nl2 1,v-p2i tgest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water according bxb )2ggnxp sisy*--9to the equat-)spby* ggxb-x is29nions below.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ioniiist8rm+3 c.s z 8x qorh1u5mm +qv3+fzation energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of C6 nohv6k k bk69nxb(e7r does not change in all of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following com 56 .dor8egjz2s ;qlvh; ,pijhpounds except:

The successive ionization energies for zb6-mkhw+evo;9 t3d(ssj 9ie element X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for these isoelectronic specixcd-zc9n 9 ft-esfnct9-c 9xdz- ?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthrolineobfro0c 9s ;2o:nkvb4 (phen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.