Which of the statements belrk3rq ,/t 0, 8bhegfilow gives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behave i:grrczq941-cj dko+++ a br n2zk;plas a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the per fw2yg3*h*a*iruas 3aiodic table is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characterist7asg z- 9a9zceic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in the periodic table, as shown betith- j:/6egplow: i6:tj-p ghe/t

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following szj 1b:dw3b+9g(aykey0 mt4snalts would form coloured solutions when dissolved in wate0g+bk(39 db wm:sz yntyej1a4r?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionization f2c3cr o+ ,ouzenergy?

  Which of the following is NOT a potential component of acoi; g5cpp1 n4g*qt 1gyid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally ac eh37ge0qz l/eidic due to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have tpybt0r54oa: ghe least attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond 0rg5:opb4yta?

  Which of the following is NOT true oruicfus s.://w wvfle4;c k 4,f metals?

Iron is a magnetic elig(bpuq;w (yw46(fb e* k plq+ement in the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would produce a uxm5/-k bthim3 6. ss6yiwo4so .y*absolution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles i6;aytsy 89kplyep o). n electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips.yytl;k yps o)pe9a68 . Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​na lt/voxw8n4q 0mco j):72p q are farther from their nuclei than the valence electrons 78)jtoon 4 qv: 2naqm0/lpwxcin $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the mr0q7xtk* 6wi highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following statements ekvr vr(.r1 l+about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the group. The two main factors j5 hhu8/xvu6pde(qs6causing this trend are:6x shp (juh86 eqvd5u/

  The electron affinite+1zq8+p r(ry /ql4mw t or:tqy of carbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the periodic table, so, /mp3(s tozbwhr)j5 vq7k6 ovme features oo(h 7v tzjso )b,v5/mkrp63 wqf the outer electron shell remain constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transitiox8n+d jfdteq9 g1j *z4z) ffl*n metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct value of+t9zif hc mjdp9r s3k18gqr*- $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of electrons, and these electron v9qo4l 5ewk7mqja .s ,configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.ek5wj 4q.lsvo ,m 9qa7
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium and ni im1(h+4jcmg fnyw 57pl x/4hvtrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula for sv-re5nf,8q* p utz b)atrontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic t3ldyxsd0) w5 )epvm+ mable. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is the correct formuca y3: pamc*+p-;cjp yla?

  Atom X is an isotope of an allk0r kwj: km-4nsdeai1ff98( q6 m/mw kali metal. Which of the following is a possible symbol for atom Xrnkfw4 d j- kfmmkem6l9(01aswi/q8: ?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounder*d6kbknbw *:qf / ;mpd by electron shells, as shown below: b6 ;rkbwd/m q*n* fk:p

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration of a neutral atogl/:f :wue.ckf mun(8m is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxidatiy o+2h n:8mbohvzvr3jo w50/zon states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic table are correctmr l8d5eue(,r :8q plo?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elements nlst0/z5x2ac b itrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in 5zl2 sa/tb c0xno particular order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are hs 558p-yabbmk qb a:8soq63etrue regarding the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regap2p;5g9hson2*+n.e.o vnkkm ot .cj arding the melting points of elements are ctp+ao *ngnpo jm e .c.2nhkso2v.k95;orrect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicd0 u*yfnk0t 9oon and sulfur are found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenthfkun 0*0otd 9y columns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that react nh.h iji4qdco0. hl/e9q+x.ls with chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonia ho+-7wftfd 1ak2bd7wisgm;5m2 - prj($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 of the periodic tam5u gq6c 7ngq.ble.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic taowav 3iwoqhb t7 a78r v7)mt(8ble is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smaehaymi d tknd5z yet86q1i2 ( i q04vp-.-e)jnllest to largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water according to thel+qwo;3 hzk3c equations bel qc 3okz3w+lh;ow.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization ebpqi ww l4y)82nergies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all of the follow5kvcoamr 5y;s9fc y90ing except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following compounds exce:tl.rm: ahf6o/;n ja hpt:

The successive ionization energies for )ikhlsg ,( p3om11q fa/4jtgtelement X is shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of inxl7rthln3r 8 3creasing radius for these isoelectronic speci8xnt ll7r hr33es?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) h*p4ym -x wcb zbi;,3pwas the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.