Which of the statements below gives 7 g7ce y2gqyv 5vhy.q)a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the following can behave h9.hm(x hz6v tas a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the perrlwatbiw sy99 6w8 8m9gca,(miodic table is shown below:

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is a characteristic property of tozb9+cfk fk b 6ojzx/:1 g5/ytransition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in thc* qq7pd(2ukiknje-2gds *ogq- z3j.e periodic table, as shown below:z* uj2qqgkgcen2- j7odkp.3 d*s (i- q

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following sal 0suxl8ej lzdb9*dy . z7e(n8lts would form coloured solutions when dissolved in wat lle8x (zyz0 9bju ld*.nse78der?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definitl;pu 1ada10m nion of first ionization energy?

  Which of the following is NOqc4)o+vey dl/auj*:2pu ju+zfkm1p( T a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic due to dissj;1+8 cr6ib 3nc wcobrolved __________.

  Which element would have the least attraction for iz/:q p+d5ytba d/yh/ a shared pair of electrons in a coval tdz:d5 pqbh/ayy/+/ ient bond?

  Which of the following i/-lvg +i f pzw:os8uu+s NOT true of metals?

Iron is a magnetic eletzlu*t 1fph(9 76v vy6lya x9ament in the first row of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide dissolved in water would pwvu5z6 a0f6nctin) z.y64bvdroduce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important roles in electrotl0bgmb*79g b0ih cfr.vh1ezp 5w +l 3nic components, such as solar cells and+.7i93et rbl5gph * hv c0lb0bmwzf1 g computer chips. Which of the following is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are farther from their nuclei than the vals06vk/ s6xrzmence elec 0svsz/6k6rmxtrons in $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the followin :z6cyxi r324zv:i nfdg elements has the highest first ionization energy?

  Which one of the following stat g99qwq;rpqd;2e )a xgrnf8:rements about acids is/are true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity de4-bei ouqq t6 qgk)t1fz,pp.5 creases down the group. The two main factors causing this trenq oezq-6kt,bti)51fp4 u. p gqd are:

  The electron affinity of carbon is u8 g+ wu*cecw8 5zpp,g$-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same row X or column Y of the periodic table, :+le.esn um cohx+w7-some features of the outer electron shell remaxew 7mhu:seo n-lc.++in constant.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transition metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ compl 9g0d /1ykrw)l*z pzxaexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct correct valuu :*ww0 nf1bice of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangement of electrogv 0xj-,eket.h0vbx -7ue0x7rke 5th ns, and these electron configurations can also be represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of eah5gek ve0 k.7v7--e0h xe,utjtx bx0rch element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound v9sar* t8/idvq8j q* oc: dpd(formed between lithium and nitrogen?

  Which of the followingh9fjadrsh)g0aki)h/ 0 gs hb+4wqm 05 is the correct formula for strontium sulfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table. Which is :dj3 ct9 z 0cwmjfkr*,78qbksthe correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the periodic table.,t3ea z/ *ds-nr bg8vo Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of t f(x6,k-o+nfzd sz;zb vh8 kx3he following is a possible symbol z(hsnzb8k,k;zfvdox- 3+f6xfor atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shells, as shown bnn(8 zn 7e(b4px2 e 9jrhzhij.elow: px.hzne he (8 r(7i9z4j 2nnjb

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron cyj0 o+k 3tczn:onfiguration of a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical /h2 9uom;h 6fdm+2zwlbi m4ynoxidation states?

  Which of the following sta:ttj5jmpg5 s (3e ss5d,nv-tktements regarding the periodic table are correct?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for the elvv oh+ba2w :xd5 +jnd7gzftg5fy+37dk( it n (ements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular orderg(tiw+donyzxa tk(dg v35d:2 jvf+7+ nh5f b7:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regarding the transition/ zn;mawi.v2e dijzl3 t-c t,3 metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statemen 86 jk3ucs9buots regarding the melting points of elements are corrk9j b 36co8suuect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur abebo-1mit6l3 re found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth columns of the periodicbol b16mt-ei3 table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts with chlorine to pr2 b w7.raxau/r) ndpqqfde( :y89r( ymoduce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammoni; smr7kkxc,gs ls/+u, : jj2zia ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in group 2 oha a mvw9 ci,bhi uy2,+9e5(obf the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the d-owyuhorr 8z*b ib.+5,pa0 yperiodic table is true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to0g1vdd,*jrs6o+g- ypuhp qt. largest radius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in water according to ty7z9f ei cd jogh)v717he equations below7j iec7hy g zvo)9d7f1.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding thet(swk(6f ) / mmzg 6j0yzyjwm:7nts6 y first ionization energies (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in all ooyd (+ digc+8kf the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is tj- 8x:+8gapd;mht hv 4 qxqtuqt0d48lhe same in all the following compounds except:

The successive ionization energies for element X is shown in the table bgrv5:b3qh zn 4elow:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct ordqm s. vyek09 4vx9(cbzer of increasing radius for these isoelectronic speciz ykes0c 9x9v(mqb4.v es?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (3y n:k0z sc2egphen) has the structure below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.