Which of the statements below zj +*l hh5 m5xi;-bj9f7jbpv mgives a correct feature of a ligand?

  Which of the followin.x g:00; vjrs;hzyxl2tx se caiul* 7(g can behave as a ligand?
I. $BH_3$
II. $NH_3$
III. $CH_4$

  An outline of the periodic table is shown below: 5 sdch nu irr,k s-au-eb/4k3+

Which of the following are the correct names for the groups labelled X, Y and Z?

  Which of the below is ai (o(qm 7fdpcipfd/ic1y g.;0 characteristic property of transition metals?
I. Catalytic behaviour
II. Coloured compounds
III. Variable oxidation states

  Chromium appears to the right of vanadium in vs mde7nv+7im.-/ zfythe periodic table, as shown below: sz v-fy m/+dm7en .i7v

Which of the following statements is true?

  Which of the following salts would form coloured soluti m9o d6s hz9hbdugp2+io:odn21r)d 6uons when dissolved in wate:npddo 69dgmoh6 o 9+z)i2 u b1ds2ruhr?
I. $CuCl_2$
II. $ScCl_2$
III. $ZnCl_2$

  Which chemical equation represents the definition of first ionization eno*8sot9.auxk h8d u 0xergy?

  Which of the followingf, ohgund,3m zw 5k6 lf/,yhc6xb:ed - is NOT a potential component of acid rain?

  The $d$ orbitals of the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion are split into two energy levels.
Why does the $[Zn(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ ion appear colourless?

  All rain is naturally acidic du u3v06oa lyujc x3/vwdto8 44le to dissolved __________.

  Which element would have b;sk./nwu .iurj7so (the least attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond? kw.b s.s;oi/nju7(u r

  Which of the following is NOT true ofajvg5 4xwofkc; 1x i(; metals?

Iron is a magnetic element in the first ror92ffsbxh6/ d w of the $d$-block.
1.State two characteristic properties other than magnetism that allow iron to be classified as a transition metal.
2.State the full electron configuration for an iron atom.
3.Suggest why iron is more magnetic than scandium.

  A group 2 metal oxide disso. p3 7.e feej8s eq0jderd9zj4lved in water would produce a solution that is:

  Metalloid elements play important rol1zg iti f e6;lv0q/bv;es in electronic components, such as solar cells and computer chips. Which of the f1i0 6/i q;vtzveb;fglollowing is the correct definition of a metalloid?

1.The valence electrons in I2IX​ are fartherq/dwa,6 apev+l wb 8;p from their nuclei than the valence electrons in /wvablp8aqe, p6w;d + $Cl_2$. Explain how the size of the atoms in a covalent bond can affect the relative attraction to electrons and hence the bond's polarity.
2.Calculate the electronegativity differences and then deduce the type of bonding in the following compounds $Cl_2$,HCl,and NaClClX​,HCl,and NaCl (Refer to Table 8 from the data booklet) .

  Which of the following elements has the highest first ionization eneftq5lr *y1hc 8rgy?

  Which one of the following statements about acids is/ar2msf /86do( e pbhgrw3e true?
I. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
II. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
III. Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  Electronegativity decreases down the groud g; ircl6e1kxib::h8 bw* ap7p. The two main factors causing this trend are: ;a*k8d16p rcxg:be7h wl:bii

  The electron affinity of )p87;m r cyjljcarbon is $-122\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$, whereas the electron affinity of boron is $-27\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. Which statement below best explains this difference?

  For elements in the same y-s m o9-4bwhnrow X or column Y of the periodic table, some features of the outer electron shell remain constaywo9 4smb- -hnnt.

Which of the following is correct?

Scandium is a transitioie wtk:ac t -+0wa/c z:h7 6dkwuvx0;bn metal that can form both 2+ and 3+ complexes.
Draw the electron in boxes notation for the 4s and 3d electrons in an $Sc^{2+}$ ion.
State the equation for the third ionization energy of scandium, and indicate which electron is lost
Explain why $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^{2+}$ is coloured whereas $[Sc(H_2O)_6]^3+$ forms a colourless aqueous solution.

  Which gives the correct :5pc+k oh(il8blhrf0xxa, cf 89pp:lcorrect value of $x$ and the shape of the $Cu^{2+}$ complex, $[CuCl_4]^{x-}$?

Each element contains a different arrangeme:0;zq7e yn, a)/4n pof kdinr 4q9qwvnnt of electrons, and these electron configurations can also beqnd/e )w7n v,04fk:oqpinq 4y9r;zan represented using orbital diagrams. Determine the identity of each element described below.
1.$1s^2$ $2s^2$ $2p^6$ $3s^2$ $3p^6$ $4s^1
2.$[Ne] $3s^2$ $3p^6$
3.In Period 33 with valence electrons of $3s^2$
4.
5.An ion with +1 charge, with valence electrons of:

  What is the formula of the compound formed between lithium and n rjg px1vng f yz*7 g:tl.-k61yfiqg(5itrogen?

  Which of the following is the correct formula for strontium su .afe s( 5ifr8vy:p4vrlfide?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the perio(t-6xtyve3h om spd)q+r060je j)k 2feoau; pdic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Metal M is in group 2 of the p +pel s+ftwm79eriodic table. Which is the correct formula?

  Atom X is an isotope of an alkali metal. Which of the following is a possibeys3 qtgjqz5-/ sx-0 gle symbol -s50gg3-t qjzysx /qefor atom X?'

An atomic nucleus of element X is surrounded by electron shn7fx .u0l/jmv5irk3v ells, as shown below: xv.if5 3urvmknj0 7l /

1.The diagram does not fully describe the electron configuration of the atom or ion or the identity of element X.
(1)State why it is not possible to determine the position of element X in the periodic table from the electron configuration alone.
(2)An alternative method for describing the electron configuration of an atom or ion is to draw the orbitals as boxes and the electrons as arrows. The box-and-arrow diagram for a helium atom is shown below:

Draw a similar diagram for the atom or ion of element X, including labels for the occupied subshells.
(3)Suggest the block of the periodic table in which element X is likely to be found, giving a reason for your answer.
2.Element X could be found in group 1 of the periodic table.
(1)State the name given to elements in group 1 of the periodic table.1
(2)State the most likely period number of element X, assuming that the electron configuration in the diagram is as close as possible to that of the neutral atom.

  The complete electron configuration o,zh5/da b7h yeth;nn-d l+sw2ndj: f;f a neutral atom is shown below:

In which group and period of the periodic table would this element be found?

  Which compound contains two different elements with identical oxi wi*;ld u*/izcdation states?

  Which of the following statements regarding the periodic table are c7( yicen6m 4qi i9o3ntorrect?
I. Anions have larger ionic radii than the atomic radius of their parent atom
II. Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their number of protons
III. Elements within the same period will have similar physical properties

The table below contains data for .huqw aen y/24s; + /)5qjugf;khua ngthe elements nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur and chlorine in no particular u/ e.uksh+jg /w gn);2h4anfaqy5u;q order:
Element is 1 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 71 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1402.
Element is 2 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 104 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1000.
Element is 3 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 100 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1251.
Element is 4 ; Radius ($10^{−12}\,m$) is 60 ; First Ionization Energy ($kJ\,mol\,^{−1}$) is 1681.
1.Identify element 2 and justify your answer using the atomic radius and the first ionization energy data shown.
2.(1)Identify the number of valence electrons for element 1 and justify your answer using
the atomic radius and first ionization energy data shown.2
(2)State the electron configuration for the common ion formed from element 1.1
(3)Using section 9 (Section 10- 2025 Syllabus) in the data booklet, compare the size of the ionic radius of the common ion formed from element 1 to its atomic radius. Explain this change in size.2
3.An electron affinity for element 1 is not published and the electron affinity for element 4 is -328 $\,kJ\,mol^{−1}$. In terms of atomic structure, explain why element 1 does not have a value for electron affinity.

  Which of the following statements are true regardingg qgg u llm43ugqd0 ,**f6avu 3l72mxr the transition metals?
I. Only the electrons found in the d orbitals are involved in bonding
II. Transition metals typically have higher electrical conductivity due to the metallic bonding of the d orbital electrons
III. All of the 3d block metals will form colored compounds

  Which of the following statements regarding the melting points of e8ls7 j7o6 ce-qujmy7 klements are corjucos6e8 j- k77myql7 rect?
I. Group 17 melting points increase down the group due to increased covalent bond strength
II. Lithium has a higher melting point than potassium
III. Bromine has a higher melting point than chlorine

The period 3 elements magnesium, silicon and sulfur ar chh i/ie57pp3e found in the second, fourteenth and sixteenth ce37 p/iih5cpholumns of the periodic table.
1.State the name given to a column of elements in the periodic table.
2.State how the numbers of electron shells and outer shell electrons vary across period 3.
3.Selected physical properties of magnesium, silicon and sulfur are given in the table below:
Element is Magnesium ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Ductile
Element is Silicon ; Appearance is Shiny, grey ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Element is Sulfur ; Appearance is Dull, yellow ; Mechanical properties is Brittle
Explain how the positions of the elements across period 3 help to explain their similarities and differences.
4.Period 3 contains more elements than period 1 but is equal in size to period 2. Suggest why the number of elements increases between periods 1 and 2 but not between periods 2 and 3.

Copper is a transition metal that reacts st x)pith 69,kwith chlorine to produce both $CuCl$ and $CuCl_2$​.
1.State the charge and electron configurations of copper ions in each of the above compounds.
2.Use your answer to part (a) to explain why $CuCl$ is a colourless compound whereas CuCl2CuClX​ is green-blue.
3.In the presence of excess HCl, copper ions form complexes with chloride ligands to produce $H_2[CuCl_4]$.
(1)Explain why chloride ions are able to act as ligands.2
(2)Deduce the charge of the complex ion.

1.The bonds in ammonifv2hjd. k/(o wa ($NH_3$​) are polar covalent.
(1)Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia.
(2)Explain why the covalent bonds in ammonia are polar.
(3)State the molecular geometry of ammonia.
(4)Explain why the bond angle of ammonia differs from that of the ammonium ion, $NH^{4+}$.
2.The boiling points of ammonia and the other group 15 compounds are shown.


Explain the variation of boiling points shown in the graph, using section 8 ($Section\,9- 2025\,Syllabus$) of the data booklet.

Magnesium is an element in gpcfso6w- gqy0n;hrh lds0 n1; 6;es((q cox0proup 2 of the periodic table.
1.State the full electron configuration for magnesium and the block it can be found in the periodic table.
2.Explain how successive ionization energies can prove that magnesium is in group 2 and period 3 of the periodic table.
3.State the equation for the second ionization energy of magnesium.
4.State an equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and water, and comment on the pH of the resultant solution.
5.By referring to their relative ionization energies, compare the metallic behavior of magnesium to calcium and beryllium (values from the data booklet are not required).

  Which statement regarding the periodic table iypw(h rhs :z/8ffx(25eu slt4s true?

  The complex ion $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color in aqueous solution, whereas $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color in aqueous solution. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the two complexes?

I. $[CuCl_4]^{2−}$ appears a green color as a result of the red light being absorbed because $Cl^−$ is a weaker field ligand than $NH_3$​
II. $[Cu(NH_3)4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the blue light being absorbed because $NH_3$ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$
III. $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$ appears a deep blue color as a result of the orange light being absorbed because $NH_3$​ is a stronger field ligand than $Cl^−$

  Which is in the correct order from smallest to largest r1pyf cjv knx,t o9d,20adius?

The oxides of two period 3 elements, X and Y, react in wao+tgu8q((r.1byq + d mj bwxm/ter according to the equations belowbm/1dtuj8+bog.(y +( r qwx mq.
I. $X_2​O_{(S)​}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)}​$ → $H_2X​O_3$$_{(aq)}$
II. $YO_{(s)}$​ + $H_2​O_{(l)​}$ → $Y(OH)_2$​$_{(aq)}$
1.Identify elements X and Y. Justify your response.
2.Predict whether element X or Y would have a higher melting point. Justify your prediction.

  Which statement regarding the first ionization energifoo59 clr8ajm 1(k/ohes (A(g)→$A^{+}$(g)​+e-) of the period 2 correctly supports the evidence of sublevels in atoms?
I.Each period 2 element shows an increase in ionization energies across the table from left to right
II.Boron has a lower first ionization energy than beryllium because boron has an electron in the 2p sublevel
III.Oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen due to oxygen’s greater effective nuclear charge

  The oxidation state of Cr does not change in .jn m/gfz f3cd0,f6x6m 8o ywkall of the following except:

  The oxidation number of X is the same in all the following compounds except:bx5i t1.jkm k2

The successive ionization energies for element X n )6w7pp/xjpl9 l3:d; zcbsi5-p ptpais shown in the table below:
Successive Ionization Energies ($kJ\,mol^{−1}$):
1st IE2nd IE3rd IE4th IE5th IE6th IE7th IE8th IE
1000 2252 3363 4556 7004 8496 27108 31724
1.Write the equation that represents the 2nd ionization energy of element X.
2.Predict the number of valence electrons for element X and justify your response.
3.Another element, Y, is found below and in the same group as element X in the periodic table. The electronegativity value of element Y is 2.6. Predict a reasonable value for the electronegativity value of element X. Explain your reasoning.

  Which gives the correct order of increasing radius for6p j9:; .2m bye,t.lqblhlnpoze e8+s these isoelectronic specie:np, te8.bqlmhze; .sjly eo6 2l9 pb+s?

The bidentate ligand, phenanthroline (phen) has the struc(8emllzv 10 upag-t y +c3;fggture below.



1.Use the diagram above to demonstrate how phenanthroline can act as a ligand to $M^+$ ions.
2.Phenanthroline forms the complex $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ with chromium ions.
(1)State the charge and the electron configuration of the central chromium ion.2
(2)Explain why the salts of $[Cr(phen)_3]^{3+}$ complex exhibit magnetic properties.1
3.The tetradentate (4-coordinate) ligand, salen, forms complexes with $Co^{3+}$ ions and can produce the compound [Co(salen)]Cl. Deduce the charge of the salen ligand.