Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surfac2y;i ws/p) 4pan/ tihhe absorbs 65% of incident intensity. What is the albedo of the planet?w/s) n4 y2p ihap/i;th

  The orders of energy transformations sdj szrk0 l-9;in three power stations are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable jm2mwrj s0s/ub5:.uhand non-renewable source of energy?s:. h2/uusrmmb 5wj0j

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and nou47 ha -(kkulg:4 pjhcn-renewable source of e uk4pj:c(glu 4akh-h7nergy?

  Which of the following is ay*igxd7) s:9kfmx ooo-bum 0 7 non-renewable energy resource?

  Which of the following energy resource,rtddw ufnb( ;ih.,9a5eu7)pif6n xns is non-renewable?

  The government of a , v*t6wat9p uiu zl z3k 72pq:pw:v0ykmedium sized city plans to replace coal power plants with photovoltakz:w7z va iw39t 0 p*,y:6upl2puktqvic cells to power the city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$k{m}^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times {10}^3$ $W{m}^{-2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electricalenergyobtained$ =    $\times {10}^{6}GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orbit around the vzl j5mk(f3:tSun is approximately 30 times the orbital radi5(fvmt:3 lzkjus of earth. Estimate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reaso0lwf02x oec3q.yqkv +ns why the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel e 0qwo .3+20kfxclvyq during a day on earth is only a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power stations. Examjxn+g/ l )a(d84xgz ztples of electricity generation that both involve energy transfgn8 dxz la()xzj/t g+4er from thermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the po0ymwx *c/1t9wpqskde z em(( 0les of Earth during a particular day is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed intensity if t/0mctxee(s py km (w9d0q*1zwhe solar intensity is 700 $W{m}^{-2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the ear in*.1i eao5nl +ck)dwmls(r1th. Some of this energy is scattered no( +nm 11)iicl *srd.akel5w and the rest reaches the earth's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P=(1-\alpha )S\pi R^2$
Where $\alpha$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1-\alpha )S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $W{m}^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solaa,9rc/ pjni c3r intensity on the Earth's surface is 300 $W{m}^{-2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns fuel with a specific energy6,f.mlv a qm5m of 80$MJk{g}^{-1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo of a bod7f0p4qlzcyxfuy kdxgr 4 9dts.,) 1+zy
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times {10}^{6}m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times {10}^{17}J$ per second. P =    $\times {10}^{17}W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.