Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface absaww-2g7fdskn 9 gqaa40xrt* 9*7zzh lorbs 65% of incident intensity. What qx*wkzd-*2gztg79rh7l 90fwan aas4is the albedo of the planet?

  The orders of energy transformations in three power s:m a7c*n;eva1 9ovn zutations are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and ;) yah0)lzc:uqnxk6d 5)uptu non-renewable source of enerztx5 0p:unau c)ql)d; yk u6h)gy?

  Which of the following pairs consr ut7p q gnq4nq;27ho8: urm7etitutes a renewable and non-renewable source of ener7tn:h8r7ugp ;mqr7 e24 qqo ungy?

  Which of the following is a non-renewable energy resw-xlsi7tpd+qn0 sk- pn-*hd3 ource?

  Which of the following energy resources is non-renewabfy +;n6ca k(ecle?

  The government of a medium sized ciz1 *8gjclgwg ,ty plans to replace coal power plants with photovoltaic cells to power the city. jl*c, 1g8wz gg
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orbit around the Sun is approxim;(u belcqvf8 l+dy;eo c -h-+xately 30 times the orbital radius of ear+dfl ;e-+ vchqx-(c;8oe yl buth. Estimate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give lw p2cg,tv n-9 y1(qacpossible reasons why the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on earth is only a fraction o9cq(pl,tg-1 cw a2n yvf the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversionmux (fpll *34dwto*k 3s occur in power stations. Examples of electricity generation that both involve energy transfer frlxkw 3t*pf(m3 l4uo* dom thermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during a particul0zwdl h 1 3wsfi)vla/3ar day is 0.8. What is the valu w1)z 3vd0hsi /ll3fwae of the absorbed intensity if the solar intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth. Some ofvyuh ( pm5 ,:mw x.x):rayz z*:ucxp1w this energy is scattered and the rest reaches the earth's surf)uz :mrupy 1y(5 :axvwzmx .*:wphx c,ace.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solaj7y0o:s /tezvr intensity on the Earth's surface is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant ,xvm y4tu:yi*burns fuel with a specific energy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo of a-;fatrgw/p1oou,im;i4 h *il body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.