Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface absorbs 65%zo)1 o12ow th bq:ru0n of incident intensity. What is the albedo of the ponub:o2z) t hr0oq w11lanet?

  The orders of energy transformations in three power staih af*s1e x*aty)pz* 9tions are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and non-renewable s wtb37 hf+:i0joxe6 cyource ofx+6 oct7h3 iyj wf:0be energy?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and no2sv,z i( i1wa,j:dxk vn-renewable source of energy?xj,iw ik,: a( vz2d1sv

  Which of the following is a non-renewable energa . ) ;2xj9abritjc*yzv3q l:gy resource?

  Which of the following enegr umeb-4nj,cb/ (g7brgy resources is non-renewable?

  The government of a medium sized city plans to replac cu:x 8mi02/kxl :o9fsqqywz+kfb* . ( nd.lhze coal power plants with photovoltaic cells to power the ufxnh+s2 /.z98 q*zfyxb(qo kcill:k. m0d:wcity.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orbit arounl tp5a/sad iebb)+zf/dq b8q:zy::e4 d the Sun is approximately 30 times the orbital radius of earth. Estimate the solar constant of Neptun4:aa )lqzqfe d:e t+y 8/bb5di/:zbspe.

  The following three statements give possible reasons wh:(w:/b+eal p nrd.ufonqfj,4y the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day fe:4rdqa.p/( :fnuwo + j, lnbon earth is only a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power s v zckz2m,8f4y+kep2 gd*:sj2nmj +4bzh6loktations. Examples of electricity generation that both involve energy transfer frocysm 4h4v+dz+2npl*fz:8 b,j6ko m2gzk e2j km thermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during a particular day is 0.8. What is the 5syp qgxe6* p)i*dse,value of the absorbed intensitys e*gx)qds* y,6e pip5 if the solar intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth. Some of this energyign1hil,q fm-jzdd96vgj/ 0 +xbui-- is scattered and the restd,lvnduh+9fix-6bgz/m-0j g -q1j ii reaches the earth's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the sola y/61y/:db+pjkfruagpcd:( x e 0pdg )r intensity on the Earth's surface is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant bfuwak .51q /mqurns fuel with a specific energy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo of a bodl.o7nnlmxd7 .(czcxyr fq )/+y
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.