Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% of incidenfit: 1mq.apz 3jc bmvxzy988(eoy( k .t intensity. What is the albedo of the pl8 y3mtv yxabj( o.qfi8zpez.9 1 kc:(manet?

  The orders of energy transformations in three power stat3* j (sr-towmyions are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewa)(wty 9a 8my3sejm)ve ble and non-renewable source of energy?)mya()evj38wys te m 9

  Which of the following pairs ); e9hjy6poozoo.4gq ; 6ymlnconstitutes a renewable and non-renewable source of eq6j;eoy z 9gh4;6. )oo onmlpynergy?

  Which of the following is a non-renew*vlup u11 g7ip,ajnn)able energy resource?

  Which of the following energy resources is nonwe ecztdhgx9.i 39 :-n-renewable?

  The government of a mediumhpx 6w14gp oc* sized city plans to replace coal power plants with photovo6gc 1xppo*hw4ltaic cells to power the city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orb5z q+ t2tkh;ilit around the Sun is approximately 30 times the orbital radius of earth. Estimate the solar constiqz ltt5 2kh+;ant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reasopql/-ek:)gk ; jb 1iyjns why the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on/-)1ykjqbjp g i ek:;l earth is only a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power stations8c m)ptjzm- w3c(iy 20rv5war. Examples of electricity generation that both involve energy transfer from thermai0)wm3y5mtw(- cr8r jva zp2 cl to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during a wo y.,n6b,m1n-wbu bc9mow -qvtem((*t )mpa particular day is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed intensity if the solar mm1n q 9b( (y.twvnb,b6-u,o)e*cpwat- wmom intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth. So)hcg ygee6r9 7me of this energy is scatte67he e9y rg)gcred and the rest reaches the earth's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensity on the Earth's su j.sdyvh 3 k+8 zy4jre3jh3hq8rface is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns fuel with a specific ene8mmni/.b f r7dsuprg:g0*ui - s1 tucgju6z98rgy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo of a .4nvjnmj (,ox dy + xxeu:d:s*body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.