Solar radiation is incident onxg: z6aw-/d7rb1tidpzi j3 o,o 4 8nxc a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% of incident intensity. What is the albedo dzit7836p1ojczr: b w4oainx, g/ d-x of the planet?

  The orders of energy transformations in three power stations yuro:19-l*g pq q.o)v o; hqz3snp co+are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constit*q zwh:b1; hgyutes a renewable and non-renewable source of ener* ;z:hyb1h wqggy?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and non-renewable souyejgdc3/6gh2 rce of e/3 2 dhycjg6egnergy?

  Which of the following is a nonv1n/ev6l63h fwnndy1 -renewable energy resource?

  Which of the following energy resources is non-ren5zfva ec1 5u,jewable?

  The government of a medium s1r(i.kr t dbw*n)* nbxized city plans to replace coal power plants with photovoltaic cells to xnd.rn t( bbkr)i**1w power the city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orbit around the Sun is approximately 30 ti:fyk9oq1 yoh/tzy kt,r *2cj (mes the orbital radius of earth. Estimate (r o1o:zfy9c h2 yky/k,t q*jtthe solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reasons why 1e 08.ba)w+pdy 8fpa8itaklx the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on earth is only a fraction of the soya)af .1+ak dte bp 8p8w0xil8lar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power stn5m*o-yww 2h xations. Examples of electricity generation that both involve energy transfer from th5nxm-ow wy2h*ermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth duringp5:;my pqd4wn+ eywg v 4f9ih+ a particular day is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed intensity if the sy:dp+4 qv5fi9;wpeh y+gm n w4olar intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to th h7 dh69nxlq/zcdn09-hv pc:yt-hc-oe surface of the earth. Some of this energy is scattered and the rest reaches the earthc0h-vhdqy6 c9tzl/ -opn-nd:h7 9 cxh's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensity on the Earth's surfacehm.(6 13r d af1j1 wafrqxjy/g is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant b l 4jv0d/vr9sur8ej* eurns fuel with a specific energy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo 0wy0, ee lf5y,8wu iy3: gtkb:nuib 3dof a body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.