Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% of inci6 q e :f-kgtfxyn m2uzf1g;6-mdent intensity. What is the albedo of the plaqg; 1g- k-e62yftf:unzxf 6mmnet?

  The orders of energy transformations in three power stationsz;a k0 spfw gok-/p/f9 are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the followinu(6aemi2hf+rp4l( d tg pairs constitutes a renewable and non-renewable source of energy?4f( ld a2mphe(+ruti6

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and non-renewable t ,pkdn 3m(gtap6:czh 14wrj 4.ak takad /(f/source of enewttjkak64,a h .4 :/akap d3tm((pzfcr1 /dng rgy?

  Which of the following is a non-renewabw hdr .59nboi)6gvz o;le energy resource?

  Which of the following energy resources is non-renewableos:h -dq5mcyt8 07wgf?

  The government of a medium sized city plans to replace coal pkk)ykz ;9 mus1 8jl586 0yn xnn:wbvfgower plants with photovoltaibku v nn lg5f9n8k :y sz10yj;68k)xwmc cells to power the city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orbit around the Sun is approximately 30 timlroiiw uj,xpr 9v 27 b f7qg::271d:mohog kw6es the orbital radius of earth. Estimm ig2ro:j wh of doxulvpiq27kr::w17, 6b9g 7ate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reasons why the average intensityw tx+s gyqn e:y::no,3 of sunligh 3s:oqtgw:yn+ne:,y x t incident on a solar panel during a day on earth is only a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power stations. Examples of electricity gen42w r6qpq+ mwt gp1q)iv4s5voeration that both inv2o54r1v twvqi +pq4qsmpw) 6golve energy transfer from thermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles*ev, eey 1 8cd0urp6an of Earth during a particular day is 0.8. What is the value of the abs60u * 1ydrpae cen,e8vorbed intensity if the solar intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth.i3t79 +5ov1pxy jfq3 nb i/i v3u0xxbt Some of this energy is scattered and th1vqxijbvi5 t+t/p33b7x 30xyno9 ufie rest reaches the earth's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensity on the Earth's surfac;nhmhpdh1 q0:bv:jr; iu:u-j e is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns lwng, xif p1xpp. p 0c;d:vs26fuel with a specific energy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo lpbm bn9 6fo7ufl9xhk1 rl2+; of a body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.