Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface i5pkg 6 ro/je.absorbs 65% of incident intensity. What is56.kroegj/ pi the albedo of the planet?

  The orders of energy transformatqv aj55i ph 3agp.rk2xbc p4;d52ofk5ions in three power stations are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the followin/i hor*df m .wwl bgdxw**6*c,g pairs constitutes a renewable and non-renewable source of ene*c*/,.*bo rdxh gmw fdw 6wl*irgy?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and non-renewable na4 b4dd omet 0sfd0/+source of enert4d/de4+a0fm dbns0o gy?

  Which of the following is a non-renewable enez6r 4ma;o h.v4fk3oxs0 qtjg -rgy resource?

  Which of the following energy g3 -ri ;xb,apyresources is non-renewable?

  The government of a medium sized city plans to rea i33m edwq0g*place coal power plants with photovoltaic cells to power thewi3gqa*md3 0 e city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptl7zjgbj2 ( u08ejva 9june's orbit around the Sun is approximately 30 times the orbital radius of eart9 aej(jvub 2jz7gl8j0h. Estimate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reasons why the ave m7v cc op2bugn 96oehs/7uh*4rage intensity of sunlight inciden9u4 /7u g mvh6e* cohspcb7n2ot on a solar panel during a day on earth is only a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power stations. Examp:a;b.i(wj ) jcswo9phles of electricity generation that both involve energy transfer from tiw.p( o ;awcjh )9b:sjhermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during0k 1t.xwqao u1a zdflw0.n c+( a particular day is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed intensity q11.u lcx 0 0zwk+ (danwatfo.if the solar intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface -.raqyd y(3hhxuu g+* of the earth. Some of this energy is scattered and thyh3qau-(d+. *uxgr yh e rest reaches the earth's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensl):0;ts w 0z)x qarzmnity on the Earth's surface is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant bu:b25(07rvrjzv x ea :jb3sguy rns fuel with a specific energy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo of a body xqe4* gr)ro8i
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.