An example of a strong acid solution is nitric acid. Which statt-*n+pnk4 h-v*ljg tzement is correct for this k zntgp--*jv*lt+hn 4solution?

  Which of the following statements concerl 2mz6b; .w oudo:euw9ning acids and bases is not true?

  Which of the following is correct?5s a95rcvi2 tw

  Which statement about a strong acid and its conjugate base is chte)+u97 a wwyorrect?

  Which of the following express-3kyrcd5m4y y4 a zh3mions for $K_w$ is correct?

  Which combination of acid and base should be reacted to obtain a bas n/d (vc f+ vko3gwv57vbco*f3ic salt?

  A reaction produces carbon dioxide gas and a soluf; 8iqo8w j26dzjuv4 fglfq:;tion of water with a dissolved salt. What could be the reactl ;88 vuz2gi:4dq6j off fwq;jants?

  Which combination of acid and base will typically ha, .mcfh77d yqxnzqa;* ve the lowest pH at the equivaa *.qn;7yczx,7dhqfm lence point in a titration?

  In order to prepare a solutio:.tk1k echr jbh*znj) +ref7z5q4 qq5 ao jj9:n of $0.1mol\:dm^{-3}$ with the highest pH, substance XX is dissolved in water. Substance X is

  Water dissociates partially and thkmzd)ey6miaa/457 6w s f xfz;e value of the ionic product constant of water at d6f f6z) z5mey;wk47 xsa am/i$25^{\circ}$ is $1.00\times10^{-14}$.
1.State an equation for the dissociation of water.
2.Calculate the pH of a $0.0100mol\:dm^{-3}$ of lithium hydroxide at 298K.  
3.Explain whether a $0.0100mol\:dm^{-3}$ solution of calcium hydroxide will have a higher or lower pH than a $0.0100mol\:dm^{-3}$ solution of lithium hydroxide at the same temperature.  $mol\:dm^{-3}$

  When wine is exposed to air, the ethanol is slowly converted to ethanoic hftkpa)7 s8 ;uu3uew7acid. The \ce{pH}pH of a bottle of winwe3 )u7 hktup;7fu8sae changes from 6.5 to 4.5. The concentration of $[H]^+$ is?

  A molecule of HBr reacts with water to produce the charged molecule X. What ib8;4sb wjva2 ys the L2w bs4;yj8a vbewis structure of molecule X?

  Alkali solutions can be made by dissolving a basic substance in water.rm olm0f60l+o(rgb9 i
1.Determine the concentration of a solution of NaOH made by carefully dissolving 5.00 g of NaOH in sufficient distilled water to make $250.0cm^3$ total solution in a volumetric flask.  $mol\:dm^{-3}$
2.An indicator was added to the solution made in (a), and it turned red. Using section 22 (Section 18- 2025 syllabus) in the Data booklet, state a possible indicator used.
3.The temperature of a $50.0cm^3$ sample of the solution containing the indicator from (b) was found to be $22.0^{\circ}C$. Suggest with a reason, two possible observations if a slightly larger quantity of HCl was added and stirred.
Important note: The section numbers mentioned in the video solution are specific to the 2024 syllabus.
You can refer to the question stem to find the section numbers for the 2025 syllabus.

  An aqueous solution of nit7h*q8:e4 h ldaooa w7jric acid $HNO_3$ has a pH of 4. How many moles of this acid are found in $1 dm^3$ of the solution?

  Which one of the folloy-6i-ilyd gop:o7dn 2u2hht/wing statements about acids is/are true?
|. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
||. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
|||.Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  What statements about indicxw 9 w9hrsj3g x69evf5ators are correct?
|.Indicators are typically weak acids or weak bases
||.Indicators are different colours in acidic and alkaline conditions
|||.The midpoint of the colour change of an indicator occurs when [$HIn$] = [$In^-$]

  A solution of $1.0\:mol\:dm^{-3}$ HCl is diluted to $0.1\:mol\:dm^{-3}$. Which statement is correct?

  Which expression repr8ivytw un :6 -j ngke 86yk8bp9ewl-j8esents $K_a$ for $CH_3COOH$?

  Given the following indicators and thed7),ampzfnd7xx ih5n /d5i. a y;xck 5ir behaviours, what will be the correct colours of a solution of 1.0 M KOH tested with each in /pfi5ydn) 57k nizxaa.;h7d5mcxd,x dicator?

Indicator	pH range	Colour change (Acid- alkali)
Methyl orange	3.1- 4.4	Red – Orange
Bromocresol green	3.8 - 5.4	Yellow - Blue
Phenolphthalein	8.3 - 10.0	Colourless - Pink

  What is the order of increasing iyoddn ,c2v;qp f3m30acid strength based on the $pK_a$ values below?

Acid	$pK_a$
$CCI_3COOH$	0.66
$HCOOH$	3.75
$C_6H_5OH$	9.99
$CH_3OH$	15.5

  The structure of the r 5qc )t07vs*n atgt5shydrogen phosphate ion is shown.


How many $H^+$ ions can react with one hydrogen phosphate ion?^+ions can react with one hydrogen phosphate ion?

  Place the following mx9y )7krdh p;$1.0\,mol\:dm^{-3}$ solutions in order of increasing pH:
$NaOH,Na_2CO_3,NaCl$

  Which of the following reactiontcgv,4m/yodfg y:*po,p 5ga k2p4 /a ss is not a neutralization reaction?

One example of an important bpo;yk 7pdm 2zlle: -7iuffer system is the $H_2CO_3/HCO_3^-$ buffer in our blood.
1. 1.Define buffer solution.
2.Using relevant equations, describe how the $H_2CO_3/HCO_3^-$ buffer works.
A student has solutions of $0.5\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ $NaOH,HCl,H_2CO_3andNaHCO_3$.
2.State two ways the $H_2CO_3/HCO_3^-$buffer can be made from these solutions.

  The reversible reaction b/fv(hsj-0 bjg; 1mhjl1 . wtib wxs5g/etween $NH_3$ and $H_2SO_4$ is:
$NH_3 + H_2SO_4 \rightleftharpoons NH^+_4 + HSO_4^-$
Which compounds act as bases in the forward and backward reactions?

  What is the pH of a w.fevx: 5ez/ i$0.001\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ aqueous solution of KOH at 298K given that it ionizes completely?

Consider the following reactsd ;)vne xo kyw6 5m,wh:q1i9qwj5d/bion:
$H_2SO_4(aq) + NH_3(aq) \rightleftharpoons HSO_4^-(aq) + NH^+_4(aq)$
1. 1.Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Lewis acid.
2.Deduce the two species acting as acids and their conjugate bases in the equation above.
2.Give an example of a species that is a Lewis acid but not a Brønsted-Lowry acid and explain why this is the case.

  Which of the following solutioz5k a w1*jewr.ns, when mixed with equal volumes at equal concentrations, form aw k* 5az1.wjre buffer solution?

  $10\,cm^3$ of an aqueous solution of HCl with pH 1.0 is mixed with $990\,cm^3$ of water. The pH of the formed solution is:

  $20\,cm^3$ of $0.100\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ NaOH were slowly added to a $10\,cm^3$ sample of $0.100\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ HCl,and the pH was measured throughout the addition.
The equation for the reaction is as follows: $NaOH(aq) + NCl(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + H_2O(l)$
The ionic product constant of water at $25^{\circ}C$ is $1.00\times10^{-14}$
1.Calculate the number of moles of NaOH remaining at the end of the addition.Mole ratio is 1:1 and NaOH is in excess by  $\times10^{-3}\,mol$
2.Calculate the concentration of $OH^-$ at the end of the addition.  $mol\,dm^{-3}$
3.Using your value for $[OH^-]$ in (b), calculate the pH of the solution at the end of the addition.  

  Concentrated sulfuric acid behaves as a strong acid when it reacts with watbp wkm2q4 w -p8qtc-y6*uc b(fer:
$H_2SO_4(aq) \rightarrow H^+(aq) + HSO^-_4(aq)$
$HSO_4^- \rightleftharpoons H^+(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq)$
Which of the following is (are) true for $1.0\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ of sulfuric acid?
I.$[H^+]$ is high
II.$[SO_4^{2-}]$ is high
III.$[SO_4^{2-}] = [HSO^-_4]$

  Which indicator would be most suitable for a titration between sodium hydroxiqes74(u2s nv; am.6yty3w ebzde and szqb3n6(vw;.t m 24 ee 7uyysaethanoic acid?

Indicator	pKa
Methyl orange	3.7
Bromocresol green	4.7
Bromothymol blue	7.0
Phenolphthalein	9.6

  Which statements are lobu 5x4u2+az5jl 4racorrect?
I.$CH_3NH_2$ is a Lewis base
II.HOOCCOOH is a Bronsted-Lowry acid
III.$CH^+_3$ is a Lewis acid

  Methanoic acid HCOOH is a weak acid. ic .z c.8z5yf hj)ngm8.ivd*k
1.State the formula of the conjugate base of HCOOH.
2.HCl is a strong acid and dissociates in water as shown below:
$HCl(aq) \rightarrow H^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)$
1.Suggest the pH of the solution formed when HCl dissolves in water.
2.Compare the relative strengths of the respective conjugate bases of HCOOH and HCl.\ce{pH}pH value less than  
3.$0.01\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ of a given monoprotic acid HA has a pH of 3.
1. This acid is  ----待选择----weakstrong .
2.Compare the electrical conductivity of HA(aq) and $HNO_3(aq)$, giving a reason for your choice.

  Which statement about the equivalence pointm3sb- 5-t; :ijcxl nai my*(av of acid-base titrations is incorrecti 5 ;-lmanvy*:3ti-sjca x(bm ?

  Which of the following salts form basic solutions when dissolvedqd h6f87yhu8bi1s xck28 7g n; vq:qpq in water?
I.$NH_4Cl$
II.$K_2CO_3$
III.$NaOOCCH_3$

  Which of the followi vst,x+wdjs7p 2 vqiag )w+(8mng combinations of $NH_3(aq)$ and HCl(aq) forms a buffer solution?

  The correct sequence in decreasing order of pH for equimo2,h zvdc6x em0lar solutions is:

  Which of the three oxides of period 3 bela h2xugjr18 y.ow will cause a change in the pH of the solutionjuhry x 2.18ag when they react with water?
I.$Na_2O$
II.$SiO_2$
III.$P_4O_{10}$

1. 1.Differentiate between a strong acid and a weah dahc pe6z4 kll1yc7 1ao87m,k acid.
2.State a balanced equation for the reaction between KOH and $HNO_3$.
Measuring the pH can be useful when trying to differentiate between different solutions.
A student has three unlabelled bottles of white powders. They know that the bottles contain either $KOH,KOOCCH_3 or HNO_3$.The student has access to a pH meter and distilled water.
2.Outline how the student can determine which powder is inside each of the three unlabelled bottles. Include equations where relevant.

  Four features of the n90+ 5tpw nhvs$HNO_3$ molecule are labelled a-d.

Why is one mole of $HNO_3$ able to react with one mole of NaOH?

  Which of the following statement4g7ohf/l 1 /f. pp fnoum+hw4zs about pH is incorrect?

Ethanoic acid reacts with trimethylamo7i 8c azz) t8mbf-2xsine to produce a negatively charged ethanoasz2a)-b izxfm7oc 8t8te ion and another charged compound X.


1.Ethanoic acid and the ethanoate ion differ by one hydrogen ion. State the name given to a pair of molecules that differ in this way.
2.State why trimethylamine is categorised as a Brønsted-Lowry base.
3.Ethanoic acid can be represented as $CH_3COOH$. This formula provides a better description of the bonding in the molecule than the alternative formula $CH_3CO_2H$.
1.Suggest why it is better to represent the structure of ethanoic acid as $CH_3COOH$ than as $CH_3CO_2H$.
2.The formula of compound X is $(CH_3)_3NH^+$.Draw the structural formula of compound X.
4.Water can react with both ethanoic acid and trimethylamine.
1.The reaction of water with ethanoic acid produces an ethanoate ion and another charged compound Y. State the formula of compound Y.
2.State the property of water and trimethylamine that allows them both to react with Brønsted-Lowry acids.

  Which of the following acid-base pairs a1g; )pcs ack/ze ibv;,8fm z)are correctly matched with the salt formed from thei sm8fk;c1a) z,e/z v);abcp igr reaction?

This question is about thlmc rbv1)jb,5hpja.; (dk3fj e weak acid, carbonic acid $H_2CO_3(pK_{a1} = 6.35)$.
1. 1.Determine the pH of a $0.175\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ solution of carbonic acid.
2.State one assumption made in your answer to (a)(i).
Carbonic acid is a diprotic acid so can undergo two dissociations. The second dissociation has a $pK_{a2}$ of 10.33.
2. 1.State the equation for the second dissociation of carbonic acid.
2.Comment on the degree of dissociation for this second proton, based on the value of $pK_{a2}$.

  Indicators are used to determine the endpoint.9ted(qtit4j of a titration.
1.Using a relevant equation, explain how acid-base indicators work.
2. 1.Calculate the pH of a $1.0\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ solution of KOH.pH=  
2.Calculate the pH of a $0.5\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ solution of $HNO_3$.pH=  
3.Using section 22 (Section 18- 2025 Syllabus) of the data booklet, suggest a suitable acid-base indicator for a titration between the solutions in (b)(i) and (b)(ii).
4.On the following axis, sketch the titration curve for the titration between the solutions in (b)(i) and (b)(ii), starting with $10\,cm^3$ of $HNO_3$ solution in the flask, and titrating with KOH.

  Commercial vinegar contains a small percentey)*9q u-8* x5opm wghjw3bq bage of ethanoic acid. A student wishes to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in vinegar. She titrates a solution 5* x8e hw9p-bw)gqyo*b 3qju mof ethanoic acid against a standard solution of potassium hydroxide of concentration $8.0\times 10^{-4}\,mol\,dm^{-3}$. The equation for the reaction is:
$CH_3COOH(aq) + KOH(aq) \rightarrow CH_3COOK(aq) + H_2O(I)$
A volume of $25.0\,cm^3$ of vinegar was diluted with distilled water and made up to a volume of $250.0\,cm^3$ in a volumetric flask. A burette was filled with the diluted solution.
$25.0cm^3$ of potassium hydroxide solution was added to a conical flask and three drops of phenolphthalein indicator added.
1.Ethanoic acid is considered a weak acid. Define the term ‘weak acid’.
2.The results of the titration are shown in the table below:

Trial	Volume of Titre$(cm^3)$
1	21.0
2	21.2
3	20.8

1.Using section 22 (Section 18- 2025 Syllabus) of the IB data booklet, identify the color at the endpoint.
2.Calculate the concentration of dilute ethanoic acid.  
3.Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in vinegar.  $\times10^{-4}\,mol\,dm^{-3}$
Important note: The section numbers mentioned in the video solution are specific to the 2024 syllabus.
You can refer to the question stem to find the section numbers in the 2025 syllabus.

  Which of the followingwkh;4o0rcpfvw+zl -wj+)tvc )4c5be equations is not an acid-base reaction according to the Bronsted-Lowry theorzo4-c0+lw j5r;+ pvhcwwket v) 4)bcfy?

Zinc(II) oxide reacts with hydrochloric 29dcot /qu/qtn5ciqx 7l1yi:uc 1:tt acid to produce an aqueous solution of zinc and chloride ions. il:q d 9ctq oin2qcut1tc/ty 75u1:/x
$ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2Cl^-(aq) + H_2O(I)$
1.HCl is described as an acid because it is a hydrogen ion donor. State the term used to describe acidity of this type
2.State the conjugate base of HCl in this reaction, giving a reason for your answer.
3.An aqueous solution of HCl does not contain molecules of HCl. Draw the structural formula of the positively charged molecule formed in the solution, including the positive charge.
4.Zinc(II) oxide is amphoteric.
1.Define the term amphoteric.
2.Suggest a reaction that could be performed to confirm that zinc oxide is amphoteric, giving your reasoning.
3.Explain why zinc(II) oxide is not amphiprotic.

$H_2O$ is an example of an amphiprotic species meaning it can act as either an acid or base.
1. 1.Draw the Lewis structure of $H_2O$.
2.Explain why $H_2O$ can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and Brønsted-Lowry base.
3.Explain why $H_2O$ can act as a Lewis base.
2. 1.State an example of an acid-base reaction where $H_2O$ acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid and another where $H_2O$ acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base.
2.State an example of a Lewis acid-base reaction that is not a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction where $H_2O$ acts as a Lewis base.

  When powdered calcium oxide is added to dilute hydrochloric acid in a*l6e 7cetblfs,:iv+pfd d7*y conical flask, the products are water, positive calcium ions and neg:,tp7l fve bld6 *fcid+7s* eyative chloride ions.



Which species is the conjugate base of hydrochloric acid in this reaction?

  A bottle contains dilute eauq-se8au 9+ny mt3;v thanoic acid $CH_3COOH$ of unknown concentration. To determine the concentration of the acid, a student titrates the acid against a standard solution of KOH according to the following equation:
$CH_3COOH(aq) +KOH(aq) \rightarrow CH_3COOK(aq) + H_2O(I)$
1.Calculate the mass of KOH that must be used to prepare $400.0\,cm^3$ of a $0.100\,mol\,dm^{-3}\,KOH$ solution.n=  mol , m=  g
2.Calculate the pH of the $0.100\,mol\,dm^{-3}\,KOH$ solution given that it ionizes completely in solution as shown in the following equation: $KOH(aq) \rightarrow K^+(aq) + OH^-(aq)$ pH=  
3.During the titration, the student finds that exactly $20.0\,cm^3$ of the KOH solution neutralizes exactly $25.0\,cm^3$ of the $CH_3COOH$ solution. Calculate the concentration of the $CH_3COOH$ solution.C=  $mol\,dm^{-3}$

  Hydrogen sulfide,$H_2S$, is a weak acid with a $pK_a$ of 7.04.
1.1.State the acid dissociation constant expression for $H_2S$.
2.Calculate $K_a$ for $H_2S$.  $\times 10^{-8}$
2.1.State the base dissociation constant expression for $HS^-$.
2.Calculate $K_b$ for $HS^-$ assuming a temperature of 298K.  $\times 10^{-7}$
3.Using your answers to parts (a)(i) and (b)(i), derive the equation $K_w =K_a \times K_b$

  Which quantities are required to calculate the pH of a solution ofba6v3 h:l/don-zymn/z(l) s g a monoprotic weak acmvzn n:3d-osz/b(ha) glly6 /id?
I.The $pK_a$ of the weak acid
II.The concentration of the solution
III.The value of $K_w$

1.State the complete balanced equation for the reaction between sulphuric acid aj3irhb/8 i/ vj11ds v dzpnn87nd coppe8vdidjr8p/n 1jsivn7/1z hb3 r (II) oxide.
2.State the complete balanced equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and potassium carbonate.
3.Outline two ways to monitor the rate of reaction for reaction (b) above.

  Acids and bases can be classified as strong or weakycr2. 7dnus6( eobj+ym( bk )r.
1.Explain why ammonia,$NH_3$ in an aqueous solution, acts as a weak base, using an equation.
2.An experiment was carried out to determine the energy change during the following reaction:
$2NH_3(aq) + H_2SO_4(aq) \rightarrow (NH_4)_2SO_4(aq)$
Initial temperature of each solution =$21.4^{\circ}C$
Final temperature of the mixture = $23.8^{\circ}C$
1.State with a reason whether the sign of the enthalpy change for this reaction is positive or negative.
2.Suggest with a reason whether the magnitude of the enthalpy change will be  ----待选择----greatersmaller  if aqueous ammonia is replaced with potassium hydroxide.
​

The Brønsted-Lowry and the Lewis theories are two different theories of +oq,u2i3drwq2rfx g 2 classifyg u3 rwr dof,x22+qi2qing acids and bases.
1. 1.Distinguish between the Brønsted-Lowry theory and the Lewis theory.
2.Define incomplete octet.
Consider the dimerization of $AlCl_3$:
$2AlCl \rightarrow 3Al_2Cl_6$
2. 1.Draw structural formulas to represent this reaction.
2.Explain how this is an acid-base reaction under the Lewis theory but not the Brønsted-Lowry theory.

  The pH of a $0.1\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ solution of phenol is 5.0. What is the approximate $K_a$ of phenol?

  A student reacts a $15\,cm^3$ sample of $0.10\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ methylamine,$CH_3NH_2(K_b = 4.47\times 10^{-4})$,with $10\,cm^3$ of $0.10\,mol\,dm^{-3}\,HNO_3$.
1. 1.Calculate the initial number of moles of methylamine in the sample.$n(CH_3NH_2)_{initial}$ =   $\times 10^{-3}$
2.Calculate the final number of moles of methylamine after the neutralization reaction.
2.Calculate the pOH of the final solution.pOH=  

Aqueous ammonia solutions are commonly uxcq 4lft82;bln0u tx41fz 8aosed to clean in houses, particularly glass su1oqxcatutx84b f4f0l z ;n28lch as windows. There are many safety warnings on these products.
1.Ammonia mixed in water forms ammonium hydroxide. State the equation for this process.
2.One concern is that ammonia solutions could mix with acidic cleaning products, such as drain cleaner with sulphuric acid.
1.Determine the balanced equation for ammonium hydroxide reacting with sulphuric acid.
2.Suggest a reason this reaction could be dangerous.

  The function of the acig7tm cz pyq6g/b52e) qd-base indicator, In, can be expressed using the equation 6mqt b5gy7gp) ce2q/z below
$In + H_2O \rightleftharpoons InH^+ + OH^-;K_c = 35
Blue Yellow
Which of the below statements are correct?
I.The solution becomes darker blue with the addition of an acid
II.The solution is a pale green at equilibrium
III.$K_c$ increases with the addition of an alkali

In the amino acid glycine, a hydrogen ion may be transqna;i 891vtz pferred from one part of the molecule to another as shown. ;pva tn8qz i91



In this reaction, glycine acts as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-Lowry base.
1.State the part of the glycine molecule that acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid in the forward reaction, giving a reason for your answer.
2.In an aqueous solution of glycine, the transfer of the hydrogen ion may involve two reaction steps. The first reaction step is shown.


(i)By considering how a hydrogen ion forms from a hydrogen atom, explain why the hydrogen ion is often referred to as a proton.
(ii)Explain why $H^+$ is not an accurate representation of the cation formed in this reaction.
3.Amino acids such as glycine can be used to produce long molecules called peptides. The shape of the peptide molecule is determined by the types of intermolecular interactions present between the amino acid side chains, which have different structures. Part of a peptide molecule is shown, with the side chains highlighted in bold.


Suggest why acid-base reactions could alter the shape of this peptide chain.

  Which of the following is a conjuga 20gtnwc1zx w/8xozs;rxh, c -te acid-base pair?