An example of a strong acid solution is np j(v8tsvcqrpjlud(f hzv399 1z d3,7itric acid. Which statement is correct for this solh8z cvu9sqprljd jv7v3,p3 ( z(df19tution?

  Which of the following statemen uasq;gmwb,.f, /9utds(6v bjt5 e6uxts concerning acids and bases is not true?

  Which of the following //5p w h7dldo kq10dnois correct?

  Which statement about a strong acid and its conju9xvgn8tfm5vy z10g-8nw 5 w* 2 lrvxnigate base is correct?

  Which of the following expresdy2 , kdd19fmly* :5auiem8 rrsions for $K_w$ is correct?

  Which combination of acid and base should bebtu y7-tir s:nbdz332 reacted to obtain a basic salt?

  A reaction produces carbon dioxide gas and a so1p bi;;r, 5inqc pmw0glution of water with a dissolved salt. What coupi5nrcb;m,p;qw1i0 g ld be the reactants?

  Which combination of acid and base will typically have the h..a vxapv.c( lowest pH at the equiva. .v.h (axvcpalence point in a titration?

  In order to prepare a solution o-)okqba (wh,f/8hy qtf $0.1mol\:dm^{-3}$ with the highest pH, substance XX is dissolved in water. Substance X is

  Water dissociates partially and the:gfev:1oyl*fq r k0 v8 value of the ionic product constant of water a vkovq f0f* ::81relgyt $25^{\circ}$ is $1.00\times10^{-14}$.
1.State an equation for the dissociation of water.
2.Calculate the pH of a $0.0100mol\:dm^{-3}$ of lithium hydroxide at 298K.  
3.Explain whether a $0.0100mol\:dm^{-3}$ solution of calcium hydroxide will have a higher or lower pH than a $0.0100mol\:dm^{-3}$ solution of lithium hydroxide at the same temperature.  $mol\:dm^{-3}$

  When wine is exposed to air, theh 3h:nm5id x5m ethanol is slowly converted to ethanoic acid. The \ce{pH}pH of a bottle ofxi3md5n5m: h h wine changes from 6.5 to 4.5. The concentration of $[H]^+$ is?

  A molecule of HBr reacts with water to produce the chargedw c,itre *x0*y molecule X. What is the Lewis s*i y0cwex ,r*ttructure of molecule X?

  Alkali solutions can be made by dissolving a basic substow6wp+5 mrr 2hance in water.
1.Determine the concentration of a solution of NaOH made by carefully dissolving 5.00 g of NaOH in sufficient distilled water to make $250.0cm^3$ total solution in a volumetric flask.  $mol\:dm^{-3}$
2.An indicator was added to the solution made in (a), and it turned red. Using section 22 (Section 18- 2025 syllabus) in the Data booklet, state a possible indicator used.
3.The temperature of a $50.0cm^3$ sample of the solution containing the indicator from (b) was found to be $22.0^{\circ}C$. Suggest with a reason, two possible observations if a slightly larger quantity of HCl was added and stirred.
Important note: The section numbers mentioned in the video solution are specific to the 2024 syllabus.
You can refer to the question stem to find the section numbers for the 2025 syllabus.

  An aqueous solution ofgq88.svybt 4dmdo)xvp51f z63 bc+sj nitric acid $HNO_3$ has a pH of 4. How many moles of this acid are found in $1 dm^3$ of the solution?

  Which one of the following statements ab;c58jaqe vjy 4out acids is/are true?
|. Acids will neutralize bases to form salts
||. Acids produce solutions with pH greater than 7
|||.Acids ionize to form $H^+$ ions when dissolved in water

  What statements about indicators are correnc.0egoy:2h; 4o om yect?
|.Indicators are typically weak acids or weak bases
||.Indicators are different colours in acidic and alkaline conditions
|||.The midpoint of the colour change of an indicator occurs when [$HIn$] = [$In^-$]

  A solution of $1.0\:mol\:dm^{-3}$ HCl is diluted to $0.1\:mol\:dm^{-3}$. Which statement is correct?

  Which expression represelo2q2,w+ tyhu -zlo/yxsn x (zw m-9.dnts $K_a$ for $CH_3COOH$?

  Given the following indicators and their behaviours, what will be the corre;oyhgvq ojf:qqp24.52 9 dmrect co:p mr9fqov5e hyq ;oj2.g 2d4qlours of a solution of 1.0 M KOH tested with each indicator?

Indicator	pH range	Colour change (Acid- alkali)
Methyl orange	3.1- 4.4	Red – Orange
Bromocresol green	3.8 - 5.4	Yellow - Blue
Phenolphthalein	8.3 - 10.0	Colourless - Pink

  What is the order of increasing acid strength based ot or67sij jfl ;,:u*-dscz/ tpn the $pK_a$ values below?

Acid	$pK_a$
$CCI_3COOH$	0.66
$HCOOH$	3.75
$C_6H_5OH$	9.99
$CH_3OH$	15.5

  The structure of the hydrogen pho; is efj*wmr7gb2.f3h3kdu-esphate ion is shown.


How many $H^+$ ions can react with one hydrogen phosphate ion?^+ions can react with one hydrogen phosphate ion?

  Place the following ,a fjxr xzct2xn;428e$1.0\,mol\:dm^{-3}$ solutions in order of increasing pH:
$NaOH,Na_2CO_3,NaCl$

  Which of the following reactions is not a neutraliza1 ybfz ,nufvv*8s2t ;yvf;on4 tion reaction?

One example of an important buffer system is/dtw) cb1zcva,n3y(a the $H_2CO_3/HCO_3^-$ buffer in our blood.
1. 1.Define buffer solution.
2.Using relevant equations, describe how the $H_2CO_3/HCO_3^-$ buffer works.
A student has solutions of $0.5\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ $NaOH,HCl,H_2CO_3andNaHCO_3$.
2.State two ways the $H_2CO_3/HCO_3^-$buffer can be made from these solutions.

  The reversible reactio5qc5 sc rjp;w2n between $NH_3$ and $H_2SO_4$ is:
$NH_3 + H_2SO_4 \rightleftharpoons NH^+_4 + HSO_4^-$
Which compounds act as bases in the forward and backward reactions?

  What is the pH of a ntkv)-44sz n8ja1 kmy(sx (s (rv)tg.vuoo ,k$0.001\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ aqueous solution of KOH at 298K given that it ionizes completely?

Consider the following j7ob *a*rq(direaction:
$H_2SO_4(aq) + NH_3(aq) \rightleftharpoons HSO_4^-(aq) + NH^+_4(aq)$
1. 1.Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Lewis acid.
2.Deduce the two species acting as acids and their conjugate bases in the equation above.
2.Give an example of a species that is a Lewis acid but not a Brønsted-Lowry acid and explain why this is the case.

  Which of the following solutidxk5 dg0e/v7 ka38xhgm ad;7zons, when mixed with equal volumes at equal concentrations, form a buffer solutio 77ke3adxazkdvhdx5 gm 0;g/ 8n?

  $10\,cm^3$ of an aqueous solution of HCl with pH 1.0 is mixed with $990\,cm^3$ of water. The pH of the formed solution is:

  $20\,cm^3$ of $0.100\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ NaOH were slowly added to a $10\,cm^3$ sample of $0.100\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ HCl,and the pH was measured throughout the addition.
The equation for the reaction is as follows: $NaOH(aq) + NCl(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + H_2O(l)$
The ionic product constant of water at $25^{\circ}C$ is $1.00\times10^{-14}$
1.Calculate the number of moles of NaOH remaining at the end of the addition.Mole ratio is 1:1 and NaOH is in excess by  $\times10^{-3}\,mol$
2.Calculate the concentration of $OH^-$ at the end of the addition.  $mol\,dm^{-3}$
3.Using your value for $[OH^-]$ in (b), calculate the pH of the solution at the end of the addition.  

  Concentrated sulfuric acid behaves as a strong acid when it reacts witw)d lkfb 80/q:lal(2o je,kkch water:
$H_2SO_4(aq) \rightarrow H^+(aq) + HSO^-_4(aq)$
$HSO_4^- \rightleftharpoons H^+(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq)$
Which of the following is (are) true for $1.0\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ of sulfuric acid?
I.$[H^+]$ is high
II.$[SO_4^{2-}]$ is high
III.$[SO_4^{2-}] = [HSO^-_4]$

  Which indicator would be most suitable for a titrati 2rao((z.i v q7kbj+ason between sodium hydroxide and ethan.(2bk ao(7ra+s qj zvioic acid?

Indicator	pKa
Methyl orange	3.7
Bromocresol green	4.7
Bromothymol blue	7.0
Phenolphthalein	9.6

  Which statements are c3 ,r*/ljikh l+nrpkqa dw84bh5-c * o+1srderorrect?
I.$CH_3NH_2$ is a Lewis base
II.HOOCCOOH is a Bronsted-Lowry acid
III.$CH^+_3$ is a Lewis acid

  Methanoic acid HCOOH is andpub-j zv-05 bko0+h weak acid.
1.State the formula of the conjugate base of HCOOH.
2.HCl is a strong acid and dissociates in water as shown below:
$HCl(aq) \rightarrow H^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)$
1.Suggest the pH of the solution formed when HCl dissolves in water.
2.Compare the relative strengths of the respective conjugate bases of HCOOH and HCl.\ce{pH}pH value less than  
3.$0.01\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ of a given monoprotic acid HA has a pH of 3.
1. This acid is  ----待选择----weakstrong .
2.Compare the electrical conductivity of HA(aq) and $HNO_3(aq)$, giving a reason for your choice.

  Which statement about the equivalence point of acid-base titrations is incorrecyp .;y5 guiev5tu5yp eiv5.y;g ?

  Which of the following salts form basic solutions when16aiavfqkm059g p*jhg8t .e mvs.1 w t dissolved in water?
I.$NH_4Cl$
II.$K_2CO_3$
III.$NaOOCCH_3$

  Which of the following comfldr647 a; ib;dsb5zpbinations of $NH_3(aq)$ and HCl(aq) forms a buffer solution?

  The correct sequence in decreasing order of pH for equimolar solutil5t e3ja0 tr;:6mnnwkons is:

  Which of the three oxides of period 3 below will cause a change in the pH of ckl6h,fn*7o m.l:p .*i zagpv the solution when they reac6hg..lpoma:l ,zv cki f*7p n*t with water?
I.$Na_2O$
II.$SiO_2$
III.$P_4O_{10}$

1. 1.Differentiate by: +rh83mfqq)zjec( p etween a strong acid and a weak acid.
2.State a balanced equation for the reaction between KOH and $HNO_3$.
Measuring the pH can be useful when trying to differentiate between different solutions.
A student has three unlabelled bottles of white powders. They know that the bottles contain either $KOH,KOOCCH_3 or HNO_3$.The student has access to a pH meter and distilled water.
2.Outline how the student can determine which powder is inside each of the three unlabelled bottles. Include equations where relevant.

  Four features of the c31l:3(zkitxqef d/k $HNO_3$ molecule are labelled a-d.

Why is one mole of $HNO_3$ able to react with one mole of NaOH?

  Which of the following statements qp 6bn(h tl0)xw/ 2upyabout pH is incorrect?

Ethanoic acid reacts with trimethylamine to produce a negativelys.i9;crm ayx9mi rg6(*qc rv6 charged ethanoate ion and another charg c6rrcigm9* ;(6mxva y sri9q.ed compound X.


1.Ethanoic acid and the ethanoate ion differ by one hydrogen ion. State the name given to a pair of molecules that differ in this way.
2.State why trimethylamine is categorised as a Brønsted-Lowry base.
3.Ethanoic acid can be represented as $CH_3COOH$. This formula provides a better description of the bonding in the molecule than the alternative formula $CH_3CO_2H$.
1.Suggest why it is better to represent the structure of ethanoic acid as $CH_3COOH$ than as $CH_3CO_2H$.
2.The formula of compound X is $(CH_3)_3NH^+$.Draw the structural formula of compound X.
4.Water can react with both ethanoic acid and trimethylamine.
1.The reaction of water with ethanoic acid produces an ethanoate ion and another charged compound Y. State the formula of compound Y.
2.State the property of water and trimethylamine that allows them both to react with Brønsted-Lowry acids.

  Which of the following .ts4bcg kxff,pd)97 e acid-base pairs are correctly matched with the salt formed from their reactio9 st f,kg) 7be.cdpfx4n?

This question is about the weak ae miopym6*w rd9/22lccid, carbonic acid $H_2CO_3(pK_{a1} = 6.35)$.
1. 1.Determine the pH of a $0.175\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ solution of carbonic acid.
2.State one assumption made in your answer to (a)(i).
Carbonic acid is a diprotic acid so can undergo two dissociations. The second dissociation has a $pK_{a2}$ of 10.33.
2. 1.State the equation for the second dissociation of carbonic acid.
2.Comment on the degree of dissociation for this second proton, based on the value of $pK_{a2}$.

  Indicators are used r7y*m 57k 6zl4t,tggnmko b;c to determine the endpoint of a titration.
1.Using a relevant equation, explain how acid-base indicators work.
2. 1.Calculate the pH of a $1.0\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ solution of KOH.pH=  
2.Calculate the pH of a $0.5\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ solution of $HNO_3$.pH=  
3.Using section 22 (Section 18- 2025 Syllabus) of the data booklet, suggest a suitable acid-base indicator for a titration between the solutions in (b)(i) and (b)(ii).
4.On the following axis, sketch the titration curve for the titration between the solutions in (b)(i) and (b)(ii), starting with $10\,cm^3$ of $HNO_3$ solution in the flask, and titrating with KOH.

  Commercial vinegar contains a small percentag4lhc+1xl)ncwz n ti g5jtd-3. 4 kelt0e of ethanoic acid. A student wishes to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in vinegar. She titratw45+l kx t-nc1tz ijcgtl.3dn4lh e0)es a solution of ethanoic acid against a standard solution of potassium hydroxide of concentration $8.0\times 10^{-4}\,mol\,dm^{-3}$. The equation for the reaction is:
$CH_3COOH(aq) + KOH(aq) \rightarrow CH_3COOK(aq) + H_2O(I)$
A volume of $25.0\,cm^3$ of vinegar was diluted with distilled water and made up to a volume of $250.0\,cm^3$ in a volumetric flask. A burette was filled with the diluted solution.
$25.0cm^3$ of potassium hydroxide solution was added to a conical flask and three drops of phenolphthalein indicator added.
1.Ethanoic acid is considered a weak acid. Define the term ‘weak acid’.
2.The results of the titration are shown in the table below:

Trial	Volume of Titre$(cm^3)$
1	21.0
2	21.2
3	20.8

1.Using section 22 (Section 18- 2025 Syllabus) of the IB data booklet, identify the color at the endpoint.
2.Calculate the concentration of dilute ethanoic acid.  
3.Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in vinegar.  $\times10^{-4}\,mol\,dm^{-3}$
Important note: The section numbers mentioned in the video solution are specific to the 2024 syllabus.
You can refer to the question stem to find the section numbers in the 2025 syllabus.

  Which of the following equations is not an acid-base reactiondfi 4de ir64a8 according to the Bronsted-Lowry edr44 6ifia8d theory?

Zinc(II) oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce an aqueous solution :u d,nfc.i+ux sy88 *ek5fiabof zina .,+85 du:nksy*x8u efiibfcc and chloride ions.
$ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2Cl^-(aq) + H_2O(I)$
1.HCl is described as an acid because it is a hydrogen ion donor. State the term used to describe acidity of this type
2.State the conjugate base of HCl in this reaction, giving a reason for your answer.
3.An aqueous solution of HCl does not contain molecules of HCl. Draw the structural formula of the positively charged molecule formed in the solution, including the positive charge.
4.Zinc(II) oxide is amphoteric.
1.Define the term amphoteric.
2.Suggest a reaction that could be performed to confirm that zinc oxide is amphoteric, giving your reasoning.
3.Explain why zinc(II) oxide is not amphiprotic.

$H_2O$ is an example of an amphiprotic species meaning it can act as either an acid or base.
1. 1.Draw the Lewis structure of $H_2O$.
2.Explain why $H_2O$ can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and Brønsted-Lowry base.
3.Explain why $H_2O$ can act as a Lewis base.
2. 1.State an example of an acid-base reaction where $H_2O$ acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid and another where $H_2O$ acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base.
2.State an example of a Lewis acid-base reaction that is not a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction where $H_2O$ acts as a Lewis base.

  When powdered calcium oxide is added toy 7b, tq7;tea.jk hat: dilute hydrochloric acid in a conical flask, the products are water, positive calcium iaat7eqj k,;h:tyb7 .tons and negative chloride ions.



Which species is the conjugate base of hydrochloric acid in this reaction?

  A bottle contains dilute ethanoic acixv ;a glu9*-fyxg )r1ed $CH_3COOH$ of unknown concentration. To determine the concentration of the acid, a student titrates the acid against a standard solution of KOH according to the following equation:
$CH_3COOH(aq) +KOH(aq) \rightarrow CH_3COOK(aq) + H_2O(I)$
1.Calculate the mass of KOH that must be used to prepare $400.0\,cm^3$ of a $0.100\,mol\,dm^{-3}\,KOH$ solution.n=  mol , m=  g
2.Calculate the pH of the $0.100\,mol\,dm^{-3}\,KOH$ solution given that it ionizes completely in solution as shown in the following equation: $KOH(aq) \rightarrow K^+(aq) + OH^-(aq)$ pH=  
3.During the titration, the student finds that exactly $20.0\,cm^3$ of the KOH solution neutralizes exactly $25.0\,cm^3$ of the $CH_3COOH$ solution. Calculate the concentration of the $CH_3COOH$ solution.C=  $mol\,dm^{-3}$

  Hydrogen sulfide,$H_2S$, is a weak acid with a $pK_a$ of 7.04.
1.1.State the acid dissociation constant expression for $H_2S$.
2.Calculate $K_a$ for $H_2S$.  $\times 10^{-8}$
2.1.State the base dissociation constant expression for $HS^-$.
2.Calculate $K_b$ for $HS^-$ assuming a temperature of 298K.  $\times 10^{-7}$
3.Using your answers to parts (a)(i) and (b)(i), derive the equation $K_w =K_a \times K_b$

  Which quantities are required to calculate the pH1 iug(;vw(g tba(t -vy of a solution of a monoprotic weak acg(yvu t;w (g1ivabt-( id?
I.The $pK_a$ of the weak acid
II.The concentration of the solution
III.The value of $K_w$

1.State the complete +g6m+gkauez0b(ik,y-tw+ + tfzw6wfbalanced equation for the reaction between sulphuric acid and copper (II)+ywz++t+6kiw 0zbu ma(fgewgftk, 6 - oxide.
2.State the complete balanced equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and potassium carbonate.
3.Outline two ways to monitor the rate of reaction for reaction (b) above.

  Acids and bases can be classifie jf:9gbe*)w ef5a19v1dm mx a.eatxrlc;/,z ad as strong or weak.
1.Explain why ammonia,$NH_3$ in an aqueous solution, acts as a weak base, using an equation.
2.An experiment was carried out to determine the energy change during the following reaction:
$2NH_3(aq) + H_2SO_4(aq) \rightarrow (NH_4)_2SO_4(aq)$
Initial temperature of each solution =$21.4^{\circ}C$
Final temperature of the mixture = $23.8^{\circ}C$
1.State with a reason whether the sign of the enthalpy change for this reaction is positive or negative.
2.Suggest with a reason whether the magnitude of the enthalpy change will be  ----待选择----greatersmaller  if aqueous ammonia is replaced with potassium hydroxide.
​

The Brønsted-Lowry and the Lewis th usr-(:8j7m/yj kdggnfw u+x* eories are two different theories of classifying acids and bases.uj87ugwrf/ m: gdn+*k(sj- yx
1. 1.Distinguish between the Brønsted-Lowry theory and the Lewis theory.
2.Define incomplete octet.
Consider the dimerization of $AlCl_3$:
$2AlCl \rightarrow 3Al_2Cl_6$
2. 1.Draw structural formulas to represent this reaction.
2.Explain how this is an acid-base reaction under the Lewis theory but not the Brønsted-Lowry theory.

  The pH of a $0.1\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ solution of phenol is 5.0. What is the approximate $K_a$ of phenol?

  A student reacts a $15\,cm^3$ sample of $0.10\,mol\,dm^{-3}$ methylamine,$CH_3NH_2(K_b = 4.47\times 10^{-4})$,with $10\,cm^3$ of $0.10\,mol\,dm^{-3}\,HNO_3$.
1. 1.Calculate the initial number of moles of methylamine in the sample.$n(CH_3NH_2)_{initial}$ =   $\times 10^{-3}$
2.Calculate the final number of moles of methylamine after the neutralization reaction.
2.Calculate the pOH of the final solution.pOH=  

Aqueous ammonia solutions are cu;dr 7jozbp i8 *-pt;pommonly used to clean in houses, particularly glass such as windows. There are many safety warningsd*p;7;tbj8ori -p u zp on these products.
1.Ammonia mixed in water forms ammonium hydroxide. State the equation for this process.
2.One concern is that ammonia solutions could mix with acidic cleaning products, such as drain cleaner with sulphuric acid.
1.Determine the balanced equation for ammonium hydroxide reacting with sulphuric acid.
2.Suggest a reason this reaction could be dangerous.

  The function of the acid-base indicator, In, can be expressed usingq2 0qdnqysq j e;*v,7z the equation qz,jyn ;q0* 7 qedv2sqbelow
$In + H_2O \rightleftharpoons InH^+ + OH^-;K_c = 35
Blue Yellow
Which of the below statements are correct?
I.The solution becomes darker blue with the addition of an acid
II.The solution is a pale green at equilibrium
III.$K_c$ increases with the addition of an alkali

In the amino acid glycine, a hydrogen ion may be transferred from one partx2 em 4urkw+7+to.l 1yi.wwyi,cs d,p of the moywys 21,d.4rlx,t+. em wpc +wukoi7ilecule to another as shown.



In this reaction, glycine acts as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-Lowry base.
1.State the part of the glycine molecule that acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid in the forward reaction, giving a reason for your answer.
2.In an aqueous solution of glycine, the transfer of the hydrogen ion may involve two reaction steps. The first reaction step is shown.


(i)By considering how a hydrogen ion forms from a hydrogen atom, explain why the hydrogen ion is often referred to as a proton.
(ii)Explain why $H^+$ is not an accurate representation of the cation formed in this reaction.
3.Amino acids such as glycine can be used to produce long molecules called peptides. The shape of the peptide molecule is determined by the types of intermolecular interactions present between the amino acid side chains, which have different structures. Part of a peptide molecule is shown, with the side chains highlighted in bold.


Suggest why acid-base reactions could alter the shape of this peptide chain.

  Which of the following is a conjugate acid-baseli-7(cq cldsuy:lzpa6 z o,c8w 53y w9 pair?