According to natural classification, organisms in the same group had w1pzft.w-5qs ;dk*01k sgeriy 7tt 9amhat in common?*dr 9ik1q t1ytte;-m0.apf5 kzw7gs s

  The diagram below represenoq93t 2b6 ;0xjr ob5r ,veuuyhts the three domains of life.

  The organisms in the table below all share a common u p-8lwl 4s g.vdj,md(ftmyez x3; p()ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statem 5 f/ajve9ahsdh5z8 f+ents is the correct definition of evolution?

  Which of the following represents the correct order 2hgd 0nc-qrs2uu8 8 /; bkjjmc1hbhk9for taxonomic levels used in biological classrhbjdkch-; j m0qub8sc8 9nu/1hg 2k2ification?

  What evidence can be, and has been used, to determixia2kccu+ *s6 ne the members of the same cl+a6u k*cx i2scade?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the correct defa*k 9k o*wiw,vmg7dw 7inition of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enc h(/wkmlim,r9 losed organelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly identifie dy1mrmtp79l:g t//o ls a node in the cladogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two prwku(hcx x7v5s az(qs tj*u(*(imates are the most closely related?

  Early cladograms were constructed by comparing sr p o552cvfm4 y;pv8kgtructures of organisms. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right i4c5 k 5gymr;8vvop p2fs based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information canyq,9t:u+n: 6vf qsj. zci7zfq be deduced from the cladogram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evolda1: .kr-hqa w1krlr/utionary origins of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, aah r- dkq rk1l:awr/.1nd Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reasuuv,hwn ,3s lf*4rqe o;et07qon for reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evidence for organism-u mo20y8: pi qcu+chzs being in the same clade?

  What is the relationshio/ihvzkdw /3/ uz* bb;p between the number of differences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence from a3 vb/w zuz; k//*oibhd common ancestor?

  The table shows the number of differences in amino qt)3g y*td1nmpw 1p1n acid sequences for the Insulin-A protein, between pigs ad1yn3qtpw1g 1 )pntm* nd other organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistwt zzj;amy7ayk f+e:29-,4 o*n0 br zteqg8vaus sp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered speciesz0kbvzaf 2e8n 49t;t+7q o -:aazjgemwr*yy,. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be fr7d9zdht dtt0yy 2: nwu5a* 5used to construct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section1:n85+wffpw1 tx mltn of DNA but from two different organisms is shown in the table +m8 f5wwpnft1 1tlnx:below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cladograms for primates. O f6ov080 vwn hkao 7in3k03qpzne cladogram was made using data from DNA sequences and the othehvopak7 io 0n8f3 00zwk63qnvr using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladistics. Cladogram 1, bao 8albs2l-baq m1ny 4-sed on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historsmyb4-lqbo a a281-nlical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group organisms with common ancestry tog;d1+;a 61hb ra9 vziq iah(zatether, based on similarities and shared characteristics. Allz 6q;t h1hbaav+1 9aira;zdi( organisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.