According to natural classification, organisms in .l3ok0omaue.the same group had what in commo.u k3 elm.0oaon?

  The diagram below represents the three domains of l-tvuuit , ejq f+eve*v8(aw0(ife.

  The organisms in the table below all share a t/ww0p j9i;jit j;cw 7common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statvs3hbm wrccv97 a q(::ements is the correct definition of evolution?

  Which of the following reprsnp- 63kafsn** ux9 m1hf4u -l dms9huesents the correct order for taxonomic levels used in biolo91sfk m*a9hnu- lpd f*xus-nu 436mhsgical classification?

  What evidence can be, and has been used,-5m; p , 8;kb3duobwn*y+8v ln onqcya to determine the members of the same clklp va-, * y8n3bd58;nu oncym;bw+q oade?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the 64j)d 9p p0etos/ywmlcorrect definition of a clade?

  To which domain do o5;mhoz +v4 e5is uqp70li- pvcrganisms with membrane-enclosed organelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly1p,gka*;t: lw2k afb b identifies a node in the cladogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two a nd1vzzhfm 37hz7d5 ;primates are the most closely related?

  Early cladograms were constructed b4ns. p d c wm) .k2g5etm8:ncaw 1ci,r-d3iytmy comparing structures of organisms. The cladogram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on coy .n 4gmtw)iiwrk pm5s:3, cndmccd2et .81a-mparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced from the clsxoqw19b, xu309(gyp ub f* blf8/bjz9p*a hjadogram?

  The cladogram below shows 7n7chlaci9 4 othree possible evolutionary origins of the platypus (Platypus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. The 9c4o c77hnial italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following woc/eg 1)gm(2c xn9tpj auld not be a reason for reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evidence for organisms being in the sam8) yw)8p-sv ,rs hbgddxy c7s6e clade?

  What is the relationship between t 30 ml 8k)q4zg*4t/rr xg/jsewz.otsh he number of differences in DNA base sequences and time since divergencel okg)xt8sjq0/gm/.4rzthr 4ezws3 * from a common ancestor?

  The table shows the number of difference,jh fa- qkzlphou p6um4 5(b.1s in amino acid sequences for the Insulin-A protein, betwez .fbklpm4 h-oh(,u6 jp 1u5qaen pigs and other organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistus sp. of the Mediterranea2b.( nqjbo-d fx)s qt1n to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a o-bfd s nbj)1.q(xtq2genus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be used to con3u8cmk u/*i ktgr6oh5struct a cladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two diffv,eikihuf0 j-3e; 4 fmerent organisms is shown in the m-jk3f;hfe 40 iive,u table below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cl- -.eg04513osz krf hzuyq-sdwfbhz3adograms for primates. One cladogram was made using data from DNA sequences and the other using amino acid se 330 h z5q4b. udsz1-kro-gsfefw-hzyquences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladistics. Cladogram 1, ba8x3mwx v yry,)sed on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA coywm,x3r)x8v y mparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group organisms withskt78qt-1a pds3 thn 9 common ancestry together, based on similarities and shared characteristics. nt1tsa3q h87t psdk9-All organisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.